由各个词典选出来的2018年度单词新鲜出炉啦，现象级英语-经济学人共读小分队共同赏析的文章也趁热完成啦。标题+第一二段由Elle完成，第三四段由Sabrina 米脑斯完成，第五六段由立里完成，第七八段由Claire完成。
看完文章欢迎留言告诉我们你最喜欢的年度单词~
Signs of the times
The lexicon of 2018 is depressing. But the buzz words won’t last.
这篇文章的标题很美：时代的记号signs of the times。副标题则告诉我们，文章的主角是buzz word-2018流行语。2018的很多流行词汇都很丧，但好在，流行语本身也不会流行很久。
2018年来自词典的年度词汇大赏：
Cambridge: nomophobia “手机丢失、没电、没信号”焦虑症，低头一族的你中招了吗？
Collins: single-use “一次性（塑料）”在BBC最新口碑爆棚的纪录片《蓝色星球II》风靡之后又一次掀起热度。
Oxford: toxic “有毒”的年度词汇
Dictionary: misinformation “误传信息”比制造虚假信息有时候更可怕
热门候选词：gaslighting, incel, fragility, backstop, gammon, cakeism, fake news, deplorables, snowflakes, remoaner
和我们一起来看看这些单词吧~
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Cambridge dictionary recently selected“nomophobia” as its word of the year, via a poll of readers. Those lucky enough not to have heard of this condition are nonetheless probably familiar with its symptoms: it refers to the fear of not having your mobile phone. The choice seems almost quaint; the concept is neither peculiar to 2018 (it is years older than that) nor especially hot. Your columnist had never heard of the term before the announcement.
段落大意：
首段提到剑桥字典根据一项读者调查（a poll of readers）选出“nomophobia”这个词作为年度词汇。这个词指一种症状：离开手机就焦虑、害怕。作者说这个选择挺奇怪的，因为这个词其实已经出现好几年了，在今年也并没有特别火。
背景介绍：
phobia指某种恐惧症，nomophobia指对手机不在身边，或由于某种原因（例如：没信号、没电等）不能使用手机的非理性恐惧。这个词的全称为“no-mobile-phone-phobia”，最开始时由英国的一项针对手机使用者对“手机丢失、没电、没信号”时所遭遇的焦虑的研究中提出。根据调查，53%的英国手机使用者会感到焦虑，58%的男性和48%的女性有此症状。
提到对于手机的依赖，还有一组有趣的数据：83%的18-25岁的年轻人睡觉时手机不离身。62%的智能手机用户一睁眼第一件事就是抓起手机看。79%的18-24岁的智能手机用户睡醒后15分钟内会看手机。77%的人会在床上使用移动设备。
单词赏析：
buzzword表示流行语，word我们都认识，为什么叫buzzword呢？我们来看buzz这个有趣的词。
根据牛津字典的解释，这个词有四个主要意思：
1、蜂鸣声；
2、人们兴奋谈论的声音；
3、一种强烈的愉悦、兴奋或成就感；
4、传言
看看以下的例句，你是否能辨识出以下每个例句中buzz分别是什么含义呢？
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But it says a lot that the selection is one of the least depressing made for 2018, another year in which the most notable new or newly zeitgeisty English words correspond to a wave of insults and anxieties in the Anglophone world. Collins, another dictionary publisher, chose “single-use” as its word of the year, referring to disposable plastics that make their ways into landfills and seas. Britain in particular is newly conscious of such noxious rubbish after the success of “Blue Planet II”, a bbc documentary series about the oceans.
段落大意：
第二段介绍了柯林斯字典选出的年度词汇”single-use”。这个词指的是一次性使用后就进了垃圾填埋场或大海里的塑料。英国在《蓝色星球II》这个BBC关于海洋的纪录片大获成功后，对这种有毒垃圾尤其有了新的认识。
背景介绍：
Single-use plastics一次性使用的塑料，也被称为disposable plastics指使用一次以后就会丢弃的塑料，例如：塑料袋、吸管、咖啡搅拌棒、饮料罐或大部分的食品包装（plastic bags, straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water bottles and most food packaging. ）
人类一年产生3亿吨塑料垃圾，其中一半是一次性使用的。全世界只有10-13% 的塑料用品被回收利用recycled。而大部分被丢弃的塑料垃圾进入了垃圾填埋场和海洋。目前，人们已经发现塑料垃圾分解出的毒素已经进入了人类的血液中，并很可能与癌症、不育症、出生缺陷及其他疾病有关。
随着BBC最新的口碑爆棚的纪录片《蓝色星球II》的风靡全球，塑料垃圾的议题被越来越多的人关注。在2018年的6月，美国国家地理杂志曾出过一期封面非常震撼的期刊。
单词赏析：
此段有一个非常有趣的词zeitgeisty
zeitgeisty a. 具有时代精神的
更为常见的是其名词形式：zeitgeist 时代精神
从牛津字典的解释可以看到，其原为德语词，在英语中与spirit含义相近。在正式的文章中，提到时代精神，常常用这个词，希望大家看完这段可以记住这个词的长相和发音。
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From there things get more poisonous still. Oxford Dictionaries chose “toxic” as its emblem for 2018. That word has come to be attached to many others:toxic masculinity, toxic homosociality (male bonding through awful behaviour), toxic debates over things like transgender rights. And Oxford’s shortlist of other contenders was nearly as bleak. It included “gaslighting” (trying to make someone doubt their own memory or even sanity) and “incel” (self-described “involuntarily celibate” men, an increasing number of whom have taken to violence).
段落大意：本段提到了三个年度热词，”toxic”, ”gaslighting” 和“incel”。
热词解析：
Toxic 有毒的
It originates from the poison in the environment and health, but nowadays, it is a metaphor. It has come to be attached to many others: work, school, culture, interpersonal relationships and pressure. As well as protest, politics, it is used in rhetoric agendas and legacies of leaders and governments around the globe.
该词汇一开始指环境和健康领域，如今，“有毒”变成了一种隐喻。人们用来描述工作场所、学校、文化、人际关系和压力。不少抗议活动、政治领域都用这个词，它也用来形容全球领导人和政府的言论、政策、议程和遗产等。
Gaslighting “煤气灯”
The action of manipulating someone by psychological means into accepting a false depiction of reality or doubting their own sanity.
通过心理手段让别人接受错误信息，或者怀疑自己失去理智，从而操控别人的行为。
Incel 非自愿独身者
Incel, short for ‘involuntarily celibate’, is used as a self-descriptor by members of an online subculture who typically deem themselves chronically unable to attract romantic or sexual partners. They hold views that are hostile towards to women and to men who are sexually active.
Incel是“非自愿独身者”的缩写，是网络上一些亚文化人群的自我描述用语。他们认为自己一直无法恋爱，也没有性伴侣。他们对女性和性生活活跃的男性都抱有敌视态度。
段落精读：
That word has come to be attached to many others.
这个词也可以用在许多其他方面或者这个词也可以和其他许多方面联系起来。
attach, associate, relate, unite, join 几个联系的区别
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去
背景介绍：
toxic：
词源： “Toxic”来源于中古拉丁文toxicus，在17世纪中期首次出现在英语里，而直到1913年，《牛津英语辞典》才正式将这个词收录。在最初的字面意思中，指有毒物质。
英国牛津词典出版社美国词典部主任凯瑟琳•马丁（Katherine Connor Martin）表示“有毒”的比喻用法在上世纪八十年代真正开始涌现，到九十年代出现“有毒债务”(toxic debt)一词，近期则见到“有毒男子气概”这个词被大量使用。
先来感受一下2018年“中毒最深”（搜索频率最高）的10大“毒物”：
Toxic Chemical 有毒化学品
Toxic Masculinity 直男癌
Toxic Substance 有毒物质
Toxic Gas 有毒气体
Toxic Environment 有毒环境
Toxic Relationship 有毒的不良关系
Toxic Culture “毒”文化
Toxic Waste 有毒的（工业）垃圾
Toxic Algae 有毒藻类
Toxic Air 有毒的空气
纵观这些词汇，是不是涉及到了健康、环境，还有文化，人际关系等方面。雾霾有毒，深夜秀美食，你有毒啊！同学成绩没考好，你还奚落人家，你有毒啊？是不是很常用。
Gaslighting：
来源：Gaslighting takes its name from the 1944 film Gaslight, in the film, Paula (Bergman) is deliberately and gradually manipulated by her husband, Gregory (Boyer), into believing she is insane. Paula’s late aunt’s priceless jewels are hidden in their house: if Paula is declared insane and committed to an asylum, Gregory can search for the jewels in peace.
One of his main tactics in convincing Paula she is losing her mind is his manipulation of the gaslights in their home. Whenever he sneaks off to the attic to search for the jewels, he switches on the lights in that part of the house: this leads all other lights to flicker and dim. Upon returning to Paula, he denies all knowledge of this, leading her to question her sanity.
In the film’s final scenes, Paula allows a policeman to enter the house while Gregory is preoccupied with his search. The policeman confirms that the lights are flickering, demonstrating that Paula is not insane.
煤气灯这个词来源于同名电影，电影中丈夫故意控制妻子让她认为自己精神失常，目的是得到妻子姑姑的珠宝。他就是利用控制煤气灯让他妻子认为自己精神失常。
For instance, many news articles have been written about Donald Trump’s so-called gaslighting behaviour towards the American public, in which he has tried to manipulate people into “doubting their reality”.
例如，许多新闻媒体报道称川普对美国民众的所谓的煤气灯行为，他试图控制人们怀疑他们的现实生活。
Incel：
来源：Incel, perhaps ironically, begins with a woman.
In 1997, a woman from Toronto thought to create an online community for singles who had limited experience with romantic relationships and sex. First, she needed a name. Identifying as bisexual, Alana knew the power of labels. She wanted a neutral designation for people like her that was less judgmental than terms like lonely virgin.
After considering late bloomer, perpetually single, and dating-shy, Alana landed on involuntary celibacy—people who aren’t having sex or intimate relations but not for lack of desire or effort.（ Dating back to the 1600s, the word celibacy originally refers to the willing abstention from sex and marriage by priests, hence Alana’s distinguishing involuntary.）
That May, Alana launched Alana’s Involuntary Celibacy Project. By fall, she created an email list for members, shortening involuntary celibacy to INVCEL, which became intel for easier pronunciation.
多伦多的一位女性Alana想要为缺乏爱情经验和性关系的单身者门建立一个网络社群，她需要取一个名字界于异性恋和处女中间。Celibacy起源于十七世纪初，指神父主动放弃性和婚姻，因此Alana以Alana’s Involuntary Celibacy Project命名，后为了读起来容易简写为Incel.
In general, the term incel has come to refer to a man who believes he is entitled to sex from women—and hates them for not giving him that sex.
Are you a fat incel addicted to shitty power fantasies? Have I got a movement for you!
网友认为非自愿独身者指的是那些有权享受性生活但是讨厌女人不给他们性的男人。好矛盾的一个词啊！
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A kind of opposite of “toxic” has also had a big year: fragility, as in “white fragility”. This refers to the inability (or alleged inability) of whites to handle claims of racism perpetrated against nonwhites, so that they panic when the subject is brought up, shutting down discussions about discrimination,privilege and worse. Coming out of the academic school of “critical race theory”, white fragility has given birth to“male fragility”, “cis fragility” (on the part of people who are not transgender), and so on.
段落大意：有毒的反义词脆弱也成为词典网站的年度热词之一，如白人的脆弱，指的是白人在处理非白人的种族主义犯罪时所谓的脆弱，因此提及当此类话题时就会恐慌， 涉及到歧视、特权和恶劣的事情会停止讨论。来自批判种族理论的学院派，从白人的脆弱又衍生出男性的脆弱和顺式脆弱（对于那些不是跨性别的人来说）。
段落精读：
1. fragility, fragile, fragileness
fragility n. 脆弱，虚弱 fragile adj.虚弱的，易碎的 fragileness n.易碎性
The white fragility got more fragile around race discussions lately. Obviously it represents his fragileness and ultra of self.
这位脆弱的白人最近面对种族讨论时尤其脆弱，很明显这表现出他自我的脆弱和偏执。
2. alleged inability所谓的无能
所谓的表达：what is called, what is known as, so called
This is what is called superstar. 这就是所谓的超级明星。
All his so-called friends deserted him. 他所谓的朋友都背叛了他。
3. racism perpetrated 犯种族主义（的人）
perpetrate a crime; perpetrate a practical joke 犯罪；耍恶作剧
4. discrimination n.歧视
gender discrimination 性别歧视 racial discrimination 种族歧视
discrimination against homosexuals 对同性恋的歧视
discrimination on the basis if color 基于肤色的歧视
5. privilege 特权 special right
exclusive privilege 专有特权 special privilege 特权
Club members have special privilege, like free use of the pool.
6. male fragility
背景介绍：
2017, perhaps more than any other year in recent history, has seen an uptick of accusations of oversensitivity from across the political spectrum. Famous men accused (and sometimes convicted) of sexual harassment complain that women are being ‘too sensitive’. Conservative activists accuse college students of being ‘special snowflakes’ who can’t tolerate opposing views. On the left, anti-racist activists accuse white folks of wallowing in ‘white fragility’. But is calling someone out on white fragility from the left the same as calling them a snowflake from the right?
2017年政治界蔓延了一股脆弱风，左翼中反种族激进主义者指责白人沉迷于白人的脆弱。这个词由此而来。
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Dictionary.com made an interesting choice with “misinformation” as its word of the year. Why not “disinformation”? One editor explained that disinformation refers to an intentional effort to spread lies; misinformation is the spreading of false information with or without that intent. In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem. This, too, feels older than 2018, though. “Post-truth” was Oxford’s pick in 2016.
入选单词：misinformation，来自Dictionary.com
详情戳：dictionary.com：我们为什么选择misinformation
入选理由：和disinformation，故意传播误导信息不一样，misinformation是指在无意识的情况下，人们对来源不准确，内容不真实的信息进行传播，这和前者相比其实是一个更严重的问题。虽然这个单词并不是新词，但是Dictionary词典认为这个词能很好的概括这一年我们所经历的事情，比如2016美国大选期间俄罗斯有关机构创造虚假账号发布虚假信息，美国公民盲目转发传播。
该网站常驻语言学家简·所罗门说：
Misinformation frames what we've all been through in the last 12 months.
入选单词带给我们的启示：
We believe that understanding the concept of misinformation is vital to identifying misinformation, and that could ultimately help curb its impact.
我们需要理解“故意传播虚假信息”和“误传虚假信息”的概念，不盲目轻信网络信息，查询信息来源，核实内容再进行转播。在网络信息时代，这个词不管在哪一年都是热词，词背后的含义和启示不管对于哪个国家地区都很重要。
表达积累： 词性的灵活转换
这一段里提到的两个概念，意义比较相近，所以在解释的时候用的表达非常灵活，比如：
intent & intentional，spread & spreading，choice & pick
1. 四个易混单词进行一下辨析，intent，intend，intention，intentional
intent 常做形容词，表示坚决的，专注的，可以说intent on doing sth, doing sth in an intent way；做名词，是比较正式的用法，表示意图，目的。原文里用的就是with or without intent。
intend 是动词，表示计划做某事，intend to do...
intention 是名词，表示意图，打算，have no intention of...
intentional 是形容词，表示故意的，同义词是deliberate。原文里用的是an intentional effort to spread lies.
2. choice & pick
暑假大热的创造101也带火了一个单词pick，你pick哪个小姐姐呢？
和创造101风格迥然的经济学人同样也用到了pick这个单词，做名词，表示选择，是choice的同义词。当我想说真正有舞台表演实力并且有人格魅力的小姐姐是我喜欢的，我就可以说：
Performers with solid dancing or singing foundation and personal charisma are my picks.
长句解析：
In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem.
1. Russian troll farm 是什么
外刊里还有这么一句介绍：Russian outlets have been following so-called troll farms, businesses that create fake social-media accounts to spread propaganda, since 2015。
所以指的就是，一个专门从2015年开始注册虚假账号，在社交网络上散播虚假信息的俄罗斯机构。
2. unwitting 看到这个单词第一反应觉得意思是不明智的，因为有wit，智慧这个单词，但是其实unwitting和智慧，聪明没关系，指的是“不知情的”，同义词是unaware。原句还可以这么说，美国民众是虚假信息传播不知情的受害者，但是他们在无意转发中成为了虚假信息传播的一部分：
Americans are unwitting victims of disinformation, but later become part of it when they circulate the posts or fake news unintentionally.
所以原文中整句话的意思就是，来自俄罗斯的这个机构制造宣传虚假信息，不知情的美国民众对这些虚假信息进行传播，这就是“误传信息”，到最后，后者相比前者反而是个更严重的问题。
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Several other groups are yet to name their words of the year. What else might they consider? Brexit was a source of many new words or applications. The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word. “Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour. “Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
段落大意：
有些词典还没决定好他们的年度单词。今年脱欧事件大热，热点事件层出不穷，带出了不少热词和新的表达，这一段里作者就围绕脱欧事件预测了三个可能的年度单词：backstop，gammon，cakeism。
热词解析：
1. backstop 指的是英国脱欧，北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国的边界线矛盾。北爱尔兰 Northern Ireland是英国的一部分，但是并不在大不列颠岛上，而是位于海那边的爱尔兰岛北部。爱尔兰共和国Republic of Ireland 是一个独立的国家，是欧盟成员国，所以在进行脱欧事宜商定的时候，北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国的国界线划分就成了一个矛盾点。
边界的划分在历史上造成过几次流血事件，岛上的民众也不希望一个界限严明国界线，应运而生backstop，单词是个棒球用语，可以指“挡球网，捕手”，在这里旧词新用，指“北爱尔兰保障协议”。
2. gammon 指的是“腌猪腿肉”，在这里被用来讽刺红皮肤的英国脱欧支持者。
3. cakeism 在作者看来是最好用，最好概括英国脱欧态度的一个单词。中文有一句谚语，“鱼和熊掌不可兼得”，英文中对应的这么说 “You can't have a cake and eat it.” 但是英国外交大臣Boris Johnson却说 pro having [cake] and pro eating it，他们不仅要有蛋糕，还得把这个蛋糕吃掉，表明了英国在脱欧协定中什么都想要，不愿意做trade-off 取舍的态度。
表达积累：
这段话里的三个热词解释的句子写的很都好，我们来句句赏析一下。
The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word.
impose v. 强加，通常搭配用impose sth on sb，父母总是不知不觉地把个人意愿强加到孩子身上，就可以说：
Parents tend to impose their beliefs and tastes on their children with or without intent.
征税，强制征税也是用的这个单词，impose tax
原句中impose a hard border 就是指的设立一个严格的紧张的边界线，但是双方都不希望这样的情况发生，所以是 prevent the reimposition of a hard border，re-这里就是一个前缀，表示再次。
“Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour.
virtue n. 指“优点，长处，美德，善行”，downside n. 指“缺点，阴暗面”，sneer 指的是“小人”，作者说Gammon 这个单词是用来讥讽上了年纪的红皮肤的脱欧支持者，一方面确实有创意，但是另一方面这却是抓着对方肤色做文章的小人行径。这个句子的句型XXX as a way of...has the virtue of..., and the downside of...就可以模仿起来。
最近支付宝花呗发了15亿红包，有的人钻空子，让人扫码付款，自己现金支付来赚红包的行为一方面确实比较有头脑，但是却是钻空子的行径，就可以这么说：
Earning money by asking people to scan the QR code and paying them back in cash has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer manipulating small tricks.
“Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
1. figurehead 指的是“傀儡，名义上的首领”，可以用到之前学习到的ostensibly来解释，就是someone who is ostensibly the head and has little real power.
2. neat，neatly 是很好用的单词，可以表示“整齐的，干净利落的，巧妙的，棒的”
3. trade-off，之前在每日一词学习到的“权衡，取舍”。
这句话指 cakeism 能精确巧妙的总结英国脱欧对于取舍的拒绝。模仿一下这句话，nationalism能够巧妙的总结一些保守分子对于全球化趋势的反对拒绝态度：
Nationalism has neatly summed up some conservatives' refusal to face globalization.
最后，注意一个重点单词的发音，脱欧，Brexit /ˈbrek.sɪt/，这个单词的发音总是记不住，在这段文章赏析完，多次重复之后印象就非常深刻了。
Paragraph 7
American politics has seen words rapidly changing in their valency after being coined by adherents of one party and then being adopted and flipped by the other. In 2016 “fake news” meant news that was fake; Donald Trump seized on that and distorted it to mean true news he didn’t like. Hillary Clinton ill-advisedly referred to “deplorables” among Mr Trump’s supporters during their presidential contest; his fans eagerly adopted the name. American conservatives taunt left-wing youth as “snowflakes”, a name they have in turn reappropriated with Twitter handles like “Iron Snowflake”. Those who voted for Remain in Brexit have done the same with “Remoaner”.
段落翻译：美国政治见证了词语的飞速变化，他们在被一个政党的遗民创造，接着被其他政党接受、使用。2016年的热词“Fake news”意为虚假的新闻，特朗普利用了“Fake news”这个词语，将词语的含义歪曲成了“他不喜欢的真实新闻消息”。在大选竞争中，希拉里不加考虑地用“deplorables”形容特朗普的支持者们，他们狂热地接受了这个名字。美国保守者们嘲笑左翼青年们是“snowflakes”（雪花一族），这个名字很快被年轻人们通过推特重新使用，比如表述为：Iron Snowflake铁雪花一族。那些投“留欧”票的人们同样发明了“Remoaner”。
词语赏析：
1、valency: a measurement of the power of an atom to combine with others, by the number of hydrogen atoms it can combine with or displace/ the number of grammatical elements that a word, especially a verb, combines with in a sentence.显然是后者的意思。
2、coin:(v.) to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use.
The term 'cardboard city' was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
3、adherent: a person who supports a political party or set of ideas.
4、seize: to take sb/sth in your hand suddenly and using force/ to take control of a place or situation, often suddenly and violently./to arrest or capture sb/ to take illegal or stolen goods away from sb/to be quick make use of a chance, an opportunity, etc./ to affect sb suddenly and deeply. 应为标粗的意思。这里的用法可以学起来，很有动态、画面感，仿佛就是特朗普从纷繁词汇短语中抓住了、用上了Fake news这个词语。
5、distort: to change the shape, appearance or sound of sth so that it's strange or not clear/ to twist or change facts, ideas,etc. so that they are no longer correct or true.
e.g. Newspaper are often guilty of distorting the truth.
这里是后一个意思。
6、taunt: to try to make sb angry or upset by saying unkind things about them, laughing at their failures.etc. 奚落；嘲笑；讽刺；辱骂。
e.g. The other kids continually taunted him about his size.
（也可以作名词： an insulting or unkind remark that is intended to make sb angry or upset）
7、reappopriate：
appropriate：to take sth, sb's ideas, etc. for your use, especially illegally or without permission./ to take or give sth, especially money for a particular purpose. reappopriate显然是re 重复 appropriate 占用（第一个意思）。
e.g. He was accused of appropriating club funds.
Some of the opposition party's policies have been appropriated by the government.
段落赏析：
此段用政治事件串起了热词，介绍了和美国大选、英国脱欧相关的词语。本段信息量巨大，几乎一句一个热词地轰炸，熟悉英美年度政治好戏的朋友阅读起来会很轻松。
“热词”介绍：
1、fake news
关注总统大选的朋友一定对该词语并不陌生。特朗普一直以来控诉美国主流媒体对其形象、政策的诋毁。而主流媒体们也相应地持续报道特朗普，予以回击。
相关事件新闻指路：（中文）特朗普和主流媒体们的过招
2、deplorables：very bad in a way that causes shock, fear, or disgust。
这是希拉里在选举时对特朗普支持者使用的一个引起网络热烈反响的词语。她称呼特朗普的支持者为：a blasket of deplorables——直白的来讲就是：一筐子渣滓。事实上，希拉里直接攻击了voters，而不是她的rivals，并且在deplorable这个词后面还加了一大堆负面的词汇，"racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic，you name it".（种族歧视，性别歧视，恐同，排外，恐绿）
特朗普的支持者们自然以各种形式回击希拉里，例如下图：
这一极具侮辱性的词语反而成为了一个群体的口号，每一个网络上宣称自己试deplorables的人就有了集体的归属感。
事实上，deplorable是一个形容词：very bad and unacceptable, often in a way that shocks people.
e.g. a deplorable incident 令人愤慨的事件。
Live in the most deplorable conditions 生活在最糟糕的环境里
新闻指路：deplorables的新闻报道
3、snowflake：
flake:a small, very thing layer or piece of sth, especially one that has broken off from sth larger.
snowflake:易怒的人。
以下资料是立里帮我搜到的，感谢她。ღ( ´･ᴗ･` )比心
BBC英语对此的解释是:
A word which has taken on a new meaning in recent years. These days it's used as an insult. It's used to critise people or groups that are seen to be very easily offended or upset by things that others say.And it's usually a political side to it. Something that is offensive is rude, insulting and makes people feel hurt and upset.
Davis goes on to say that groups that do suffer from discrimination may get some feelings of unity when they call out discrimination. They feel more together when they publicise and highlight the discrimination they have experienced. The so-called snowflakes surely have a point in this.
90后被打上“雪花一族”的标签：
Snowflake generation refers to the young adults of the 2010s, who are viewed as being less resilient and more prone to taking offence than previous generations.
千禧一代也曾打上这样的标签：
Some sources attribute the characteristics ascribed to Snowflake Generation to parenting methods, particularly those that focus on boosting self-esteem.
也很感谢Elle 最早指路，给出线索。Thanks(･ω･)ﾉ
4、Remain in Brexit & Remoaner
Brexit是British&exit的合体，自然指的是轰轰烈烈的英国脱欧了。
Remoaner中含有remain的前半部分，指的是支持留欧者。外媒报道已经多次使用该词语描述留欧群体。
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So if there is any good news in the cascade of abuse it is that, like so much slang in circulation today, any word popular enough to sum up the mood of a year will saturate social media so quickly that it will soon lose its bite. Or it might be ironically appropriated by the very people it was meant to insult—an old phenomenon, but now manifest at breakneck speed. Social-media taste makers prize playfulness, ironic detachment— and novelty. In other words, if you are depressed by the vituperations of 2018, be consoled. Most will seem old in 2019, and be history by 2020.
段落翻译：所以，如果在一连串的词语——比如现在循环出现的俚语——的狂轰乱炸中，有什么好消息，那就是那些足够热门以概括一年的情绪的词语了，它使社交媒体饱和得太快，以至于最终会过时。或者它可能会被讽刺地运用于会认为是侮辱的词语的人们——一个老现象了。但是现在它以令人惊叹的速度显现。社交媒体的时尚创造者们珍视这份戏谑的乐趣、尖刻讽刺的拆解——和创新。换句话说，如果你因为2018年的辱骂而低落沮丧，安慰自己：他们中的大多数在2019年被视作老词，在2010年会成为历史。
（abuse 这里做滥用，应该形容的是网络新词诞生快、满天飞的情况）
词语赏析：
1、cascade: a small water, especially one of several falling down a steep slope with rocks/ a large amount of water falling or pouring down/ (formal) a large amount of sth hanging down/ (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time.
e.g. a cascade of rainwater 如注的雨水
e.g. Her hair tumbled in a cascade down her back. 长发如瀑布般倾泻。
e.g. He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans. 他随着一连串的油桶跌落坠地。
后面的意思其实都是从第一个出来的。对于后面意思的理解，要联想到向下倾泻的瀑布，那种动势、动态。
2、saturate: to make sth completely wet/ to fill sth/sb completely with sth so that it's impossible or useless to add any more.
e.g. The company had saturated the market for personal organizers(so that no new buyers could be found).
3、manifest:(v.) to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality.
e.g. Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
to appear or become noticeable:
e.g. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.
4、playfulness:
e.g. Perhaps. Yet, for all his playfulness, Mr Tesson is in earnest. (from TE)
5、detachment: the state of not being involved in sth in an emotional or personal way/ the state of not being influenced by other people or by your own feelings.（都是不可数名词）
e.g. He answered with an air of detachment.
e.g. In judging these issues a degree of critical detachment is required.
6、vituperation:cruel and angry criticism.
即 Abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will.
7、console:to give comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed.
e.g. Nothing could console him when his wife died.
段落赏析：
最后一段总结了这些热词们的特点：迅速火爆，很快过时。文末也幽默地安慰那些被热词冒犯了的人们：不要沮丧了，热词死得快快的，很快就是历史了。相信读到最后，每个读者都会会心一笑。