1.select_related: 只能用在一对多或者是一对一的关联模型之间,不能用在多对多或者是多对一的关联模型间,比如可以提前获取文章的作者,但是不能通过作者获取作者的文章,或者是通过某篇文章获取这个文章的所有的标签。
比如,想要获取与Book表通过外键的形式相关联的Author表中的数据,示例代码如下:
from django.db import connection
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Article, Book, BookOrder
def index4(request):
# 1. select_related()想要获取与Book表通过外键的形式相关联的Author表中的数据
# 可以通过select_related()将相关联的表中的数据提取到内存中,减少到数据库中的查询
books = Book.objects.select_related('author')
for book in books:
print("%s, %s" % (book.author.name, book.author.age))
print(connection.queries)
# 最后django底层可以执行一条sql语句就将所有的查询操作完成
django底层执行的sql语句为:
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book
.id
, book
.name
, book
.pages
, book
.price
, book
.rating
, book
.author_id
, book
.publisher_id
, book
.score
, author
.id
, author
.name
, author
.age
, author
.email
FROM book
INNER JOIN author
ON (book
.author_id
= author
.id
)', 'time': '0.016'}]
由以上的sql语句,可以看出只进行了一次查询操作,所以这就大大提高了查询的效率了。因此如果在数据量不是太大,并且经常会使用到该表的相关联的表中的数据时,就可以采用select_related()方法首先将数据提取到内存中,以便之后在进行查找的时候可以减少向数据库中发起请求的次数。
2. 采用传统的方式进行查找,获取Book表通过外键的形式相关联的Author表中的数据,
示例代码如下:
books = Book.objects.all()
# 采用all()方法获取每个book的信息,然后向数据库中提出查询操作每个book进行一次数据库的查询,提取出name,age字段的值
for book in books:
print("%s,%s" % (book.author.name, book.author.age))
print(connection.queries)
django底层执行的sql语句为:
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book
.id
, book
.name
, book
.pages
, book
.price
, book
.rating
, book
.author_id
, book
.publisher_id
, book
.score
FROM book
', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT author
.id
, author
.name
, author
.age
, author
.email
FROM author
WHERE author
.id
= 5 LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT author
.id
, author
.name
, author
.age
, author
.email
FROM author
WHERE author
.id
= 1 LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT author
.id
, author
.name
, author
.age
, author
.email
FROM author
WHERE author
.id
= 4 LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT author
.id
, author
.name
, author
.age
, author
.email
FROM author
WHERE author
.id
= 3 LIMIT 21', 'time': '0.000'}]
由以上sql语句可以看出,采用传统的方式执行的sql语句较多,这会大大的降低查询的效率。所以如果数据量不是太大的情况下可以采用select_related()方法将数据提取到内存中。
3. prefetch_related(): 可以对没有多对多,多对一的关联模型执行查询操作。
比如,求每本书的订阅量。示例代码如下:
def index(request):
# 3. prefetch_related()可以对多对多,多对一的关联模型操作
# 比如,求每个书的订阅量
# 返回的books中的是包裹在QuerySet中的book对象
books = Book.objects.prefetch_related('bookorder_set')
print(type(books))
#
for book in books:
print(type(book))
# , 之后就可以对返回的每一本书上的属性进行操作
# 以下我们可以提取出每本书上的所有订单信息
# 注意:如果已经使用prefetch_related()进行了相关的查找,这里就不要使用filter()或者是其他的可以返回QuerySet的任何操作了。
# book_nums = book.bookorder_set.filter(price__gte=80)
# 这里可以使用all()方法进行获取。如果对bookorder再次进行了查询就会增加n个查询语句,降低查询的效率
book_nums = book.bookorder_set.all()
for book_num in book_nums:
print("%s, %s, %s" % (book_num.book.name, book_num.price, book_num.id))
print(connection.queries)
return HttpResponse("success!")
django底层执行的sql语句为:
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book
.id
, book
.name
, book
.pages
, book
.price
, book
.rating
, book
.author_id
, book
.publisher_id
, book
.score
FROM book
', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE book_order
.book_id
IN (1, 2, 3, 4)', 'time': '0.000'}]
总结:在多对多,多对一关联对象中执行查询操作,可以使用prefetch_related()进行相关查询,这种方式中可以大大减少执行的sql语句,并且这种方式会产生两条查询语句。同样也可以使用prefetch_related()对一对多或者是一对一的关联对象进行相关查询,同样也会在底层执行两条sql语句,如果使用select_related()进行查询的话只会执行一条查询语句。所以说如果是对一对一或者是一对多关联对象执行操作的话,建议使用select_related(); 如果是多对一或者是多对多关联模型执行操作时,就可以采用prefetch_related()
4. 采用传统的方式执行与prefetch_related()作用相同的操作,查看django底层执行的sql语句,
示例代码如下:
def index(request):
# 4. 使用传统的方法对多对多或者是多对一的关联模型表进行查询操作
books = Book.objects.all()
for book in books:
print(type(book))
# #
book_nums = book.bookorder_set.all()
for book_num in book_nums:
print(type(book_num))
# #
print("%s, %s, %s" % (book_num.book.name, book_num.price, book_num.id))
print(connection.queries)
return HttpResponse("success")
django底层执行的sql语句:
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book
.id
, book
.name
, book
.pages
, book
.price
, book
.rating
, book
.author_id
, book
.publisher_id
, book
.score
FROM book
', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE book_order
.book_id
= 1', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE book_order
.book_id
= 2', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE book_order
.book_id
= 3', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE book_order
.book_id
= 4', 'time': '0.016'}]
由以上所执行的sql语句可以看出,采用传统的方式会使底层执行的sql语句的数量增大
5. 如果在某些情况下需要对预先查询的结果,再进行一些操作,可以使用Prefetch()函数,
示例代码如下:
def index5(request):
# 5.如果确实要对预先查询的结果,再进行一些操作的话,可以使用Prefetch()函数
# 可以将要进行的操作赋值给Prefetch函数中的queryset参数
prefetch = Prefetch('bookorder_set', queryset=BookOrder.objects.filter(price__gte=90))
books = Book.objects.prefetch_related(prefetch)
for book in books:
#
orders = book.bookorder_set.all()
for order in orders:
print("%s, %s, %s" % (order.book.name, order.price, order.id))
print(connection.queries)
return HttpResponse("success")
django底层执行的sql语句为:
水浒传, 95.0, 2
[{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book
.id
, book
.name
, book
.pages
, book
.price
, book
.rating
, book
.author_id
, book
.publisher_id
, book
.score
FROM book
', 'time': '0.000'},
{'sql': 'SELECT book_order
.id
, book_order
.book_id
, book_order
.price
, book_order
.time
FROM book_order
WHERE (book_order
.price
>= 90.0e0 AND book_order
.book_id
IN (1, 2, 3, 4))', 'time': '0.000'}]