概述
什么是跨域
在前后端分离开发方式中,跨域是我们经常会遇到的问题。所谓的跨域,就是出于安全考虑,A域名向B域名发出Ajax请求,浏览器会拒绝,抛出类似下图的错误。
JSONP
JSONP不是标准跨域协议,更像是聪明程序员投机取巧的办法。这种方式的原理就是js是没有跨域限制的,你想想你引用bootstrap.js是不是网络地址放进来就可以用了。
实际上,所有src属性都不限制跨域的,比如img标签使用跨域图片是不会有问题的。
过程大体分下面四步。
- 首先约定数据格式和回调函数名
- A网站引用B网站的js
- B网站用约定好的回调函数将数据包裹起来,在A引用的js里返回
- A网站在回调函数中获取数据
这个方案的优点是兼容性比较好,古老版本的IE都可以支持,毕竟只是基于js的一个技巧,并没有新的技术或协议。
缺点比较明显,只支持GET,理解起来比较别扭,调用失败不会返回http状态码,安全性存在一定问题。
CORS
CORS的全称是Cross Origin Resource Sharing,翻译过来就是跨域资源共享。
跨域问题本质就是浏览器处于安全考虑,阻止了客户端跨域请求。但说到底,客户端请求安不安全还不是服务端说了算的,服务端都说我们家大米你们随便吃,浏览器还阻止,这不是碍事吗,你个物业还当自己业主啦?
但是浏览器也不能随便放行,毕竟网上冲浪的不仅有正经客人,还有小偷,真出问题了还得吐槽物业稀烂。浏览器说,服务端,这个客户端要去你家吃大米,你得告诉我你同不同意啊,服务端说我咋告诉你啊,我总不能来个人就冲着岗亭喊 I'M OK吧。浏览器说那我们搞个协议吧,整个互联网小区都按这个规范来,你们就按这个格式回复我。
这个协议就是CORS了。
下图描述了简单请求的流程。
关于CORS简单请求,复杂请求,以及详细内容参考下面文章,不再赘述。
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2016/04/cors.html
CORS的缺点就是IE10以下不支持,如果你的项目需要兼容这些浏览器的话需要注意。
怎么实现CORS
CORS说白了其实就是在响应头里加东西,你可以在运维环节比如nginx加,可以在代码里加,常见的做法是中间件统一处理。AspNetCore为我们提供了CORS中间件。
AspNetCore_CORS中间件的使用
使用CORS中间件两句代码就够了,在Startup文件中
//注入CORS相关的服务,配置跨域策略
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
//策略1,允许所有域名跨域访问
config.AddPolicy("policy1", policy => {
policy.AllowAnyOrigin().
AllowAnyMethod().
AllowAnyOrigin().
AllowAnyMethod();
//注意:AllowAnyOrigin和AllowCredential不能同时出现,否则会报错
//AllowCredential即是否允许客户端发送cookie,基于安全原因,CORS协议规定不允许AllowOrigin为通配符的情况下设置允许发送cookie
//.AllowCredentials();
});
//策略2,仅允许特定域名、方法、请求头访问
config.AddPolicy("policy2",policy=> {
//只允许https://www.holdengong.com跨域访问
policy.WithOrigins("https://www.holdengong.com")
//只允许get,post方法
.WithMethods("GET", "POST")
//请求头中只允许有额外的头Authorization
.WithHeaders("Authorization")
//对于复杂请求,浏览器会首先发送预检请求(OPTIONS),服务端返回204,并在响应头中返回跨域设置
//此处可以设置预检请求的有效时长,即30分钟内不会再检查是否允许跨域
.SetPreflightMaxAge(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30));
});
}
//使用CORS中间件, 指定使用CorsPolicy
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
//使用policy1
app.UseCors("policy1");
}
注意:AllowAnyOrigin和AllowCredential不能同时配置,否则会报错。如果要允许客户端发送cookie的话,只能使用WithOrgin来执行允许跨域白名单
微软使用的策略设计模式,方便我们灵活使用跨域策略。比如,开发环境允许localhost跨域访问,方便开发调试,正式环境只允许指定域名访问。
源码解析
核心对象
services.TryAdd(ServiceDescriptor.Transient());
services.TryAdd(ServiceDescriptor.Transient());
services.Configure(setupAction);
- CorsOptions:主要定义了字典PolicyMap,键是策略名称,值是跨域策略。用户可以在注入的时候往这个对象里面加跨域策略。然后提供了一些新增策略的操作方法。
// DefaultCorsPolicyProvider returns a Task. We'll cache the value to be returned alongside
// the actual policy instance to have a separate lookup.
internal IDictionary policyTask)> PolicyMap { get; }
= new Dictionary)>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
- ICorsService:有两个方法,EvaluatePolicy--评估策略,主要做一些校验、记录日志和分流预检请求和真实请求的工作; PopulateResult--执行策略,将结果填充到CorsResult对象中。
public class CorsService : ICorsService
{
private readonly CorsOptions _options;
private readonly ILogger _logger;
///
/// Creates a new instance of the .
///
/// The option model representing .
/// The .
public CorsService(IOptions options, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
{
if (options == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
}
if (loggerFactory == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(loggerFactory));
}
_options = options.Value;
_logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger();
}
///
/// Looks up a policy using the and then evaluates the policy using the passed in
/// .
///
///
///
/// A which contains the result of policy evaluation and can be
/// used by the caller to set appropriate response headers.
public CorsResult EvaluatePolicy(HttpContext context, string policyName)
{
if (context == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
var policy = _options.GetPolicy(policyName);
return EvaluatePolicy(context, policy);
}
///
public CorsResult EvaluatePolicy(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy)
{
if (context == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
if (policy == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(policy));
}
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin && policy.SupportsCredentials)
{
throw new ArgumentException(Resources.InsecureConfiguration, nameof(policy));
}
var requestHeaders = context.Request.Headers;
var origin = requestHeaders[CorsConstants.Origin];
var isOptionsRequest = string.Equals(context.Request.Method, CorsConstants.PreflightHttpMethod, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
var isPreflightRequest = isOptionsRequest && requestHeaders.ContainsKey(CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestMethod);
if (isOptionsRequest && !isPreflightRequest)
{
_logger.IsNotPreflightRequest();
}
var corsResult = new CorsResult
{
IsPreflightRequest = isPreflightRequest,
IsOriginAllowed = IsOriginAllowed(policy, origin),
};
if (isPreflightRequest)
{
EvaluatePreflightRequest(context, policy, corsResult);
}
else
{
EvaluateRequest(context, policy, corsResult);
}
return corsResult;
}
private static void PopulateResult(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
var headers = context.Request.Headers;
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin)
{
result.AllowedOrigin = CorsConstants.AnyOrigin;
result.VaryByOrigin = policy.SupportsCredentials;
}
else
{
var origin = headers[CorsConstants.Origin];
result.AllowedOrigin = origin;
result.VaryByOrigin = policy.Origins.Count > 1;
}
result.SupportsCredentials = policy.SupportsCredentials;
result.PreflightMaxAge = policy.PreflightMaxAge;
// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#http-new-header-syntax
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedExposedHeaders, policy.ExposedHeaders);
var allowedMethods = policy.AllowAnyMethod ?
new[] { result.IsPreflightRequest ? (string)headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestMethod] : context.Request.Method } :
policy.Methods;
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedMethods, allowedMethods);
var allowedHeaders = policy.AllowAnyHeader ?
headers.GetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestHeaders) :
policy.Headers;
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedHeaders, allowedHeaders);
}
public virtual void EvaluateRequest(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
PopulateResult(context, policy, result);
}
public virtual void EvaluatePreflightRequest(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
PopulateResult(context, policy, result);
}
///
public virtual void ApplyResult(CorsResult result, HttpResponse response)
{
if (result == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(result));
}
if (response == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(response));
}
if (!result.IsOriginAllowed)
{
// In case a server does not wish to participate in the CORS protocol, its HTTP response to the
// CORS or CORS-preflight request must not include any of the above headers.
return;
}
var headers = response.Headers;
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowOrigin] = result.AllowedOrigin;
if (result.SupportsCredentials)
{
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowCredentials] = "true";
}
if (result.IsPreflightRequest)
{
_logger.IsPreflightRequest();
// An HTTP response to a CORS-preflight request can include the following headers:
// `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, `Access-Control-Allow-Headers`, `Access-Control-Max-Age`
if (result.AllowedHeaders.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowHeaders, result.AllowedHeaders.ToArray());
}
if (result.AllowedMethods.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowMethods, result.AllowedMethods.ToArray());
}
if (result.PreflightMaxAge.HasValue)
{
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlMaxAge] = result.PreflightMaxAge.Value.TotalSeconds.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
}
}
else
{
// An HTTP response to a CORS request that is not a CORS-preflight request can also include the following header:
// `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`
if (result.AllowedExposedHeaders.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlExposeHeaders, result.AllowedExposedHeaders.ToArray());
}
}
if (result.VaryByOrigin)
{
headers.Append("Vary", "Origin");
}
}
private static void AddHeaderValues(IList target, IList headerValues)
{
if (headerValues == null)
{
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < headerValues.Count; i++)
{
target.Add(headerValues[i]);
}
}
private bool IsOriginAllowed(CorsPolicy policy, StringValues origin)
{
if (StringValues.IsNullOrEmpty(origin))
{
_logger.RequestDoesNotHaveOriginHeader();
return false;
}
_logger.RequestHasOriginHeader(origin);
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin || policy.IsOriginAllowed(origin))
{
_logger.PolicySuccess();
return true;
}
_logger.PolicyFailure();
_logger.OriginNotAllowed(origin);
return false;
}
- ICorsPolicyProvider: 很简单,只有一个方法,GetPolicyAsync--根据policyName取出跨域策略。
中间件
CorsMiddleware
// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Cors.Infrastructure
{
///
/// Default implementation of .
///
public class CorsService : ICorsService
{
private readonly CorsOptions _options;
private readonly ILogger _logger;
///
/// Creates a new instance of the .
///
/// The option model representing .
/// The .
public CorsService(IOptions options, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
{
if (options == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
}
if (loggerFactory == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(loggerFactory));
}
_options = options.Value;
_logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger();
}
///
/// Looks up a policy using the and then evaluates the policy using the passed in
/// .
///
///
///
/// A which contains the result of policy evaluation and can be
/// used by the caller to set appropriate response headers.
public CorsResult EvaluatePolicy(HttpContext context, string policyName)
{
if (context == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
var policy = _options.GetPolicy(policyName);
return EvaluatePolicy(context, policy);
}
///
public CorsResult EvaluatePolicy(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy)
{
if (context == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
}
if (policy == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(policy));
}
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin && policy.SupportsCredentials)
{
throw new ArgumentException(Resources.InsecureConfiguration, nameof(policy));
}
var requestHeaders = context.Request.Headers;
var origin = requestHeaders[CorsConstants.Origin];
var isOptionsRequest = string.Equals(context.Request.Method, CorsConstants.PreflightHttpMethod, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
var isPreflightRequest = isOptionsRequest && requestHeaders.ContainsKey(CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestMethod);
if (isOptionsRequest && !isPreflightRequest)
{
_logger.IsNotPreflightRequest();
}
var corsResult = new CorsResult
{
IsPreflightRequest = isPreflightRequest,
IsOriginAllowed = IsOriginAllowed(policy, origin),
};
if (isPreflightRequest)
{
EvaluatePreflightRequest(context, policy, corsResult);
}
else
{
EvaluateRequest(context, policy, corsResult);
}
return corsResult;
}
private static void PopulateResult(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
var headers = context.Request.Headers;
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin)
{
result.AllowedOrigin = CorsConstants.AnyOrigin;
result.VaryByOrigin = policy.SupportsCredentials;
}
else
{
var origin = headers[CorsConstants.Origin];
result.AllowedOrigin = origin;
result.VaryByOrigin = policy.Origins.Count > 1;
}
result.SupportsCredentials = policy.SupportsCredentials;
result.PreflightMaxAge = policy.PreflightMaxAge;
// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#http-new-header-syntax
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedExposedHeaders, policy.ExposedHeaders);
var allowedMethods = policy.AllowAnyMethod ?
new[] { result.IsPreflightRequest ? (string)headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestMethod] : context.Request.Method } :
policy.Methods;
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedMethods, allowedMethods);
var allowedHeaders = policy.AllowAnyHeader ?
headers.GetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlRequestHeaders) :
policy.Headers;
AddHeaderValues(result.AllowedHeaders, allowedHeaders);
}
public virtual void EvaluateRequest(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
PopulateResult(context, policy, result);
}
public virtual void EvaluatePreflightRequest(HttpContext context, CorsPolicy policy, CorsResult result)
{
PopulateResult(context, policy, result);
}
///
public virtual void ApplyResult(CorsResult result, HttpResponse response)
{
if (result == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(result));
}
if (response == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(response));
}
if (!result.IsOriginAllowed)
{
// In case a server does not wish to participate in the CORS protocol, its HTTP response to the
// CORS or CORS-preflight request must not include any of the above headers.
return;
}
var headers = response.Headers;
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowOrigin] = result.AllowedOrigin;
if (result.SupportsCredentials)
{
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowCredentials] = "true";
}
if (result.IsPreflightRequest)
{
_logger.IsPreflightRequest();
// An HTTP response to a CORS-preflight request can include the following headers:
// `Access-Control-Allow-Methods`, `Access-Control-Allow-Headers`, `Access-Control-Max-Age`
if (result.AllowedHeaders.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowHeaders, result.AllowedHeaders.ToArray());
}
if (result.AllowedMethods.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlAllowMethods, result.AllowedMethods.ToArray());
}
if (result.PreflightMaxAge.HasValue)
{
headers[CorsConstants.AccessControlMaxAge] = result.PreflightMaxAge.Value.TotalSeconds.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
}
}
else
{
// An HTTP response to a CORS request that is not a CORS-preflight request can also include the following header:
// `Access-Control-Expose-Headers`
if (result.AllowedExposedHeaders.Count > 0)
{
headers.SetCommaSeparatedValues(CorsConstants.AccessControlExposeHeaders, result.AllowedExposedHeaders.ToArray());
}
}
if (result.VaryByOrigin)
{
headers.Append("Vary", "Origin");
}
}
private static void AddHeaderValues(IList target, IList headerValues)
{
if (headerValues == null)
{
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < headerValues.Count; i++)
{
target.Add(headerValues[i]);
}
}
private bool IsOriginAllowed(CorsPolicy policy, StringValues origin)
{
if (StringValues.IsNullOrEmpty(origin))
{
_logger.RequestDoesNotHaveOriginHeader();
return false;
}
_logger.RequestHasOriginHeader(origin);
if (policy.AllowAnyOrigin || policy.IsOriginAllowed(origin))
{
_logger.PolicySuccess();
return true;
}
_logger.PolicyFailure();
_logger.OriginNotAllowed(origin);
return false;
}
}
}
首先,中间件会判断方法节点是否有实现以下两个接口,如果有的话优先执行节点设置。
IDisableCorsAttribute: 禁用跨域
ICorsPolicyMetadata:使用指定跨域策略
然后,然后判断请求头是否有Origin,没有的话直接略过CORS中间件去下游管道。
if (!context.Request.Headers.ContainsKey(CorsConstants.Origin))
{
return _next(context);
}
然后,中间件执行ICorsService的ApplyResult方法,将跨域策略写到响应头中。
原文地址:holdengong.com