MP4文件格式详解(ISO-14496-12/14)
Author:Pirate Leo
Email:[email protected]
一、基本概念
1、 文件,由许多Box和FullBox组成。
2、 Box,每个Box由Header和Data组成。
3、 FullBox,是Box的扩展,Box结构的基础上在Header中增加8bits version和24bits flags。
4、 Header,包含了整个Box的长度size和类型type。当size==0时,代表这是文件中最后一个Box;当size==1时,意味着Box长度需要更多bits来描述,在后面会定义一个64bits的largesize描述Box的长度;当type是uuid时,代表Box中的数据是用户自定义扩展类型。
5、 Data,是Box的实际数据,可以是纯数据也可以是更多的子Boxes。
6、 当一个Box的Data中是一系列子Box时,这个Box又可成为Container Box。
Box的结构用伪代码表示如下:
aligned(8) class Box (unsigned int(32) boxtype,optional unsigned int(8)[16] extended_type)
{
unsigned int(32) size;
unsigned int(32) type = boxtype;
if (size==1)
{
unsigned int(64) largesize;
}
else if (size==0)
{
// box extends to end of file
}
if (boxtype==‘uuid’)
{
unsigned int(8)[16] usertype = extended_type;
}
结构如下图:
文件基本结构描述图
二、MP4文件格式(ISO-14496-12/14)
MP4文件概述
MP4文件就是由各式各样的Box组成的,下表中列出了所有必选或可选的Box类型,√代表Box必选。
具体列表:
ftyp |
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
file type and compatibility |
pdin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
progressive download information |
moov |
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
container for all the metadata |
|
mvhd |
|
|
|
|
√ |
movie header, overall declarations |
|
trak |
|
|
|
|
√ |
container for an individual track or stream |
|
|
tkhd |
|
|
|
√ |
track header, overall information about the track |
|
|
tref |
|
|
|
|
track reference container |
|
|
edts |
|
|
|
|
edit list container |
|
|
|
elst |
|
|
|
an edit list |
|
|
mdia |
|
|
|
√ |
container for the media information in a track |
|
|
|
mdhd |
|
|
√ |
media header, overall information about the media |
|
|
|
hdlr |
|
|
√ |
handler, declares the media (handler) type |
|
|
|
minf |
|
|
√ |
media information container |
|
|
|
|
vmhd |
|
|
video media header, overall information (video track only) |
|
|
|
|
smhd |
|
|
sound media header, overall information (sound track only) |
|
|
|
|
hmhd |
|
|
hint media header, overall information (hint track only) |
|
|
|
|
nmhd |
|
|
Null media header, overall information (some tracks only) |
|
|
|
|
dinf |
|
√ |
data information box, container |
|
|
|
|
|
dref |
√ |
data reference box, declares source(s) of media data in track |
|
|
|
|
stbl |
|
√ |
sample table box, container for the time/space map |
|
|
|
|
|
stsd |
√ |
sample descriptions (codec types, initialization etc.) |
|
|
|
|
|
stts |
√ |
(decoding) time-to-sample |
|
|
|
|
|
ctts |
|
(composition) time to sample |
|
|
|
|
|
stsc |
√ |
sample-to-chunk, partial data-offset information |
|
|
|
|
|
stsz |
|
sample sizes (framing) |
|
|
|
|
|
stz2 |
|
compact sample sizes (framing) |
|
|
|
|
|
stco |
√ |
chunk offset, partial data-offset information |
|
|
|
|
|
co64 |
|
64-bit chunk offset |
|
|
|
|
|
stss |
|
sync sample table (random access points) |
|
|
|
|
|
stsh |
|
shadow sync sample table |
|
|
|
|
|
padb |
|
sample padding bits |
|
|
|
|
|
stdp |
|
sample degradation priority |
|
|
|
|
|
sdtp |
|
independent and disposable samples |
|
|
|
|
|
sbgp |
|
sample-to-group |
|
|
|
|
|
sgpd |
|
sample group description |
|
|
|
|
|
subs |
|
sub-sample information |
|
mvex |
|
|
|
|
|
movie extends box |
|
|
mehd |
|
|
|
|
movie extends header box |
|
|
trex |
|
|
|
√ |
track extends defaults |
|
ipmc |
|
|
|
|
|
IPMP Control Box |
moof |
|
|
|
|
|
|
movie fragment |
|
mfhd |
|
|
|
|
√ |
movie fragment header |
|
traf |
|
|
|
|
|
track fragment |
|
|
tfhd |
|
|
|
√ |
track fragment header |
|
|
trun |
|
|
|
|
track fragment run |
|
|
sdtp |
|
|
|
|
independent and disposable samples |
|
|
sbgp |
|
|
|
|
sample-to-group |
|
|
subs |
|
|
|
|
sub-sample information |
mfra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
movie fragment random access |
|
tfra |
|
|
|
|
|
track fragment random access |
|
mfro |
|
|
|
|
√ |
movie fragment random access offset |
mdat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
media data container |
free |
|
|
|
|
|
|
free space |
skip |
|
|
|
|
|
|
free space |
|
udta |
|
|
|
|
|
user-data |
|
|
cprt |
|
|
|
|
copyright etc. |
meta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
metadata |
|
hdlr |
|
|
|
|
√ |
handler, declares the metadata (handler) type |
|
dinf |
|
|
|
|
|
data information box, container |
|
|
dref |
|
|
|
|
data reference box, declares source(s) of metadata items |
|
ipmc |
|
|
|
|
|
IPMP Control Box |
|
iloc |
|
|
|
|
|
item location |
|
ipro |
|
|
|
|
|
item protection |
|
|
sinf |
|
|
|
|
protection scheme information box |
|
|
|
frma |
|
|
|
original format box |
|
|
|
imif |
|
|
|
IPMP Information box |
|
|
|
schm |
|
|
|
scheme type box |
|
|
|
schi |
|
|
|
scheme information box |
|
iinf |
|
|
|
|
|
item information |
|
xml |
|
|
|
|
|
XML container |
|
bxml |
|
|
|
|
|
binary XML container |
|
pitm |
|
|
|
|
|
primary item reference |
|
fiin |
|
|
|
|
|
file delivery item information |
|
|
paen |
|
|
|
|
partition entry |
|
|
|
fpar |
|
|
|
file partition |
|
|
|
fecr |
|
|
|
FEC reservoir |
|
|
segr |
|
|
|
|
file delivery session group |
|
|
gitn |
|
|
|
|
group id to name |
|
|
tsel |
|
|
|
|
track selection |
meco |
|
|
|
|
|
|
additional metadata container |
|
mere |
|
|
|
|
|
metabox relation |
正式开始前先对文件的几个重要部分宏观介绍一下,以便诸位在后续学习时心中有数:
1、 ftypbox,在文件的开始位置,描述的文件的版本、兼容协议等;2、 moovbox,这个box中不包含具体媒体数据,但包含本文件中所有媒体数据的宏观描述信息,moov box下有mvhd和trak box。
>>mvhd中记录了创建时间、修改时间、时间度量标尺、可播放时长等信息。
>>trak中的一系列子box描述了每个媒体轨道的具体信息。
3、 moofbox,这个box是视频分片的描述信息。并不是MP4文件必须的部分,但在我们常见的可在线播放的MP4格式文件中(例如Silverlight Smooth Streaming中的ismv文件)确是重中之重。
4、 mdatbox,实际媒体数据。我们最终解码播放的数据都在这里面。
5、 mfrabox,一般在文件末尾,媒体的索引文件,可通过查询直接定位所需时间点的媒体数据。
附:Smooth Streaming中ismv文件结构,文件分为了多个Fragments,每个Fragment中包含moof和mdat。这样的结构符合渐进式播放需求。(mdat及其描述信息逐步传输,收齐一个Fragment便可播放其中的mdat)。