简单来说,立方体贴图就是一个包含了6个2D纹理的纹理,每个2D纹理都组成了立方体的一个面,我们知道如果将一张贴图赋给一个立方体模型,那么这个立方体的六个面都显示该贴图,但是对于立方体贴图,我们就能对立方体各个面都使用不同的贴图附在立方体上,如图:每个面展示的图片都不一样。
在之前介绍过贴图纹理映射的相关概念,参考链接
下图展示纹理映射的原理
对于立方体贴图,也使用了类似的映射原理,核心是对立方体的面进行展开,处理成2D纹理,然后再进行对应的纹理映射。如图:将立方体六个面展开成平面后进行纹理映射:
理解了立方体贴图的相关原理,就可以对其进行应用了,其最常见的应用就是创建游戏的“边界”——天空盒子
对于实际应用,我们不能简单使用一张展开的贴图来映射,而是要使用六张贴图做对应的映射,原因是一张贴图只能映射到一个面上。我们可以使用一个数组来保存这六张贴图。
和创建2D纹理的不同之处在于glBindTexture传入GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
因为立方体贴图包含有6个纹理,每个面一个,我们需要调用glTexImage2D函数6次,参数和之前教程中很类似。但这一次我们将纹理目标(target)参数设置为立方体贴图的一个特定的面,告诉OpenGL我们在对立方体贴图的哪一个面创建纹理。这就意味着我们需要对立方体贴图的每一个面都调用一次glTexImage2D。
立方体贴图的六个面分别是:
纹理目标 | 方位 |
---|---|
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X | 右 |
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X | 左 |
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y | 上 |
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y | 下 |
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z | 后 |
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z | 前 |
这些值从GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X 开始递增,即GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+1=GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X 以此类推
使用循环为六个面附加对应的纹理
int width, height, nrChannels;
unsigned char *data;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < textures_faces.size(); i++)
{
data = stbi_load(textures_faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
glTexImage2D(
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i,
0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data
);
}
设置环绕和过滤方式
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
在着色器中使用cubeMap
in vec3 textureDir; // 指定立方体纹理坐标的方向向量
uniform samplerCube cubemap; // 立方体贴图的纹理采样器
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(cubemap, textureDir);
}
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++)
{
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i,
0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data
);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
return textureID;
}
vector<std::string> faces
{
"right.jpg",
"left.jpg",
"top.jpg",
"bottom.jpg",
"front.jpg",
"back.jpg"
};
unsigned int cubemapTexture = loadCubemap(faces);
在绘制天空盒时,我们需要将它变为场景中的第一个渲染的物体,并且禁用深度写入。这样子天空盒就会永远被绘制在其它物体的背后了。
cubeMap.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoords;
out vec2 TexCoords;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
TexCoords = aTexCoords;
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
cubeMap.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform sampler2D texture1;
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(texture1, TexCoords);
}
skybox.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
out vec3 TexCoords;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
void main()
{
TexCoords = aPos;
vec4 pos = projection * view * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
gl_Position = pos.xyww;
}
skybox.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 TexCoords;
uniform samplerCube skybox;
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(skybox, TexCoords);
}
#include
#include
#include "stb_image.h"
#include
#include
#include
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1280;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 720;
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE); // uncomment this statement to fix compilation on OS X
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader shader("cubeMap.vs", "cubeMap.fs");
Shader skyboxShader("skybox.vs", "skybox.fs");
// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
float cubeVertices[] = {
// positions // texture Coords
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
float skyboxVertices[] = {
// positions
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f
};
// cube VAO
unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
// skybox VAO
unsigned int skyboxVAO, skyboxVBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &skyboxVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &skyboxVBO);
glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, skyboxVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(skyboxVertices), &skyboxVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
// load textures
// -------------
unsigned int cubeTexture = loadTexture("1.jpg");
vector<std::string> faces
{
"right.jpg",
"left.jpg",
"top.jpg",
"bottom.jpg",
"front.jpg",
"back.jpg"
};
unsigned int cubemapTexture = loadCubemap(faces);
// shader configuration
// --------------------
shader.use();
shader.setInt("texture1", 0);
skyboxShader.use();
skyboxShader.setInt("skybox", 0);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// per-frame time logic
// --------------------
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// draw scene as normal
shader.use();
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom*50), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
shader.setMat4("model", model);
shader.setMat4("view", view);
shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
// cubes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
// draw skybox as last
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); // change depth function so depth test passes when values are equal to depth buffer's content
skyboxShader.use();
view = glm::mat4(glm::mat3(camera.GetViewMatrix())); // remove translation from the view matrix
skyboxShader.setMat4("view", view);
skyboxShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
// skybox cube
glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubemapTexture);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // set depth function back to default
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &skyboxVAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &skyboxVAO);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
// loads a cubemap texture from 6 individual texture faces
// order:
// +X (right)
// -X (left)
// +Y (top)
// -Y (bottom)
// +Z (front)
// -Z (back)
// -------------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++)
{
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
return textureID;
}
天空盒图片:
下载链接
运行程序展示:
其他头文件请参考:
头文件下载