linux高端内存管理之非连续内存区(描述)

总结了高端内存区的固定内核映射区、临时内核映射与永久内核映射。但是对于高端内存中各个区间的布置我们任然不是很清楚,首先我们从整体上看看内核对高端内存的划分情况。

如果内存足够大(比如用户:内核线性空间=3:1,内核就只能访问线性空间的第4GB内容,如果物理内存超过1GB则视为足够大),内核线性空间无法同时映射所有内存。这就需要将内核线性空间分出一段不直接映射物理内存,而是作为窗口分时映射使用到的未映射的内存。

一、非连续内存区布局

Linux内核中对于非连续区间的开始:

#define VMALLOC_START	((unsigned long)high_memory + VMALLOC_OFFSET)
#define VMALLOC_OFFSET	(8 * 1024 * 1024)
对于变量high_memory变量:

void __init initmem_init(unsigned long start_pfn,
				  unsigned long end_pfn)
{
	highstart_pfn = highend_pfn = max_pfn;
	if (max_pfn > max_low_pfn)
		highstart_pfn = max_low_pfn;
……
	num_physpages = highend_pfn;
	/*高端内存开始地址物理*/
	high_memory = (void *) __va(highstart_pfn * PAGE_SIZE - 1) + 1;
……
} 

其中,变量max_low_pfnhighmem_pfn_init()函数中初始化为下面值

#define MAXMEM	(VMALLOC_END - PAGE_OFFSET - __VMALLOC_RESERVE)

unsigned int __VMALLOC_RESERVE = 128 << 20;

对于非连续区间的结束定义:

# define VMALLOC_END	(PKMAP_BASE - 2 * PAGE_SIZE)

由上面的内核代码,画出内存布局细节图如下


由上面的布局可知128M+4M+4M+8K,然而直接映射区和连续内存之间空出来了8M的空间不能用,非连续空间和永久内核映射区之间也有8K的空间不可用,另外,内存顶端空出了4K不可用的。这样,高端内存能用的空间为128M+4M+4M+8K-4K-8M-8K=128M-4K大小的内存。

二、数据结构描述

虚拟内存区描述(对于vmlist链表)

struct vm_struct {
	struct vm_struct	*next;
	void			*addr;/*内存区的第一个内存单元的线性地址*/
	unsigned long		size;
	unsigned long		flags;/*类型*/
	struct page		**pages;/*指向nr_pages数组的指针,该数组由指向页描述符的指针组成*/
	unsigned int		nr_pages;/*内存区填充的页的个数*/
	unsigned long		phys_addr;/*该字段设为0,除非内存已被创建来映射一个硬件设备的IO共享内存*/
	void			*caller;
};

虚拟内存区描述(对于红黑树)

struct vmap_area {
	unsigned long va_start;
	unsigned long va_end;
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rb_node rb_node;		/* address sorted rbtree */
	struct list_head list;		/* address sorted list */
	struct list_head purge_list;	/* "lazy purge" list */
	void *private;
	struct rcu_head rcu_head;
};

内存区由next字段链接到一起,并且为了查找简单,他们以地址为次序。为了防止溢出,每个区域至少由一个页面隔离开。

三、非连续内存区初始化
非连续内存区的初始化工作在start_kernel()->mm_init()->vmalloc_init()完成
void __init vmalloc_init(void)
{
	struct vmap_area *va;
	struct vm_struct *tmp;
	int i;

	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
		struct vmap_block_queue *vbq;

		vbq = &per_cpu(vmap_block_queue, i);
		spin_lock_init(&vbq->lock);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vbq->free);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vbq->dirty);
		vbq->nr_dirty = 0;
	}

	/* Import existing vmlist entries. */
	for (tmp = vmlist; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {/*导入vmlist中已经有的数据到红黑树中*/
		va = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vmap_area), GFP_NOWAIT);
		va->flags = tmp->flags | VM_VM_AREA;
		va->va_start = (unsigned long)tmp->addr;
		va->va_end = va->va_start + tmp->size;
		__insert_vmap_area(va);
	}

	vmap_area_pcpu_hole = VMALLOC_END;

	vmap_initialized = true;/*已经初始化*/
}

四、创建非连续内存的线性区

vm_struct结构链接在一个链表中,链表的第一个元素的地址存放在vmlist变量中。当内核需要分配一块新的内存时,函数get_vm_area()分配结构体所需要的空间,然后将其插入到链表中。另外,该版本的内核中增加了红黑树的管理。函数get_vm_area()不仅要将其插入到vmlist链表中,还有将结构体vmap_area插入到vmap_area_root指定根的红黑树中。

get_vm_area()函数会调用__get_vm_area_node()函数

static struct vm_struct *__get_vm_area_node(unsigned long size,
		unsigned long align, unsigned long flags, unsigned long start,
		unsigned long end, int node, gfp_t gfp_mask, void *caller)
{
	static struct vmap_area *va;
	struct vm_struct *area;

	BUG_ON(in_interrupt());
	if (flags & VM_IOREMAP) {
		int bit = fls(size);

		if (bit > IOREMAP_MAX_ORDER)
			bit = IOREMAP_MAX_ORDER;
		else if (bit < PAGE_SHIFT)
			bit = PAGE_SHIFT;

		align = 1ul << bit;
	}

	size = PAGE_ALIGN(size);
	if (unlikely(!size))
		return NULL;
	/*分配vm_struct结构体内存空间*/
	area = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*area), gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK, node);
	if (unlikely(!area))
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * We always allocate a guard page.
	 */
	size += PAGE_SIZE;/*为安全考虑,多一个页面*/
	/*分配vmap_area结构体,并且将其插入到红黑树中*/
	va = alloc_vmap_area(size, align, start, end, node, gfp_mask);
	if (IS_ERR(va)) {
		kfree(area);
		return NULL;
	}
	/*插入vmlist链表*/
	insert_vmalloc_vm(area, va, flags, caller);
	return area;
}
/*
 * Allocate a region of KVA of the specified size and alignment, within the
 * vstart and vend.
 */
static struct vmap_area *alloc_vmap_area(unsigned long size,
				unsigned long align,
				unsigned long vstart, unsigned long vend,
				int node, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
	struct vmap_area *va;
	struct rb_node *n;
	unsigned long addr;
	int purged = 0;

	BUG_ON(!size);
	BUG_ON(size & ~PAGE_MASK);
	/*分配vmap_area结构*/
	va = kmalloc_node(sizeof(struct vmap_area),
			gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK, node);
	if (unlikely(!va))
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

retry:
	addr = ALIGN(vstart, align);

	spin_lock(&vmap_area_lock);
	if (addr + size - 1 < addr)
		goto overflow;

	/* XXX: could have a last_hole cache */
	n = vmap_area_root.rb_node;
	if (n) {
		struct vmap_area *first = NULL;

		do {
			struct vmap_area *tmp;
			tmp = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
			if (tmp->va_end >= addr) {
				if (!first && tmp->va_start < addr + size)
					first = tmp;
				n = n->rb_left;
			} else {
				first = tmp;
				n = n->rb_right;
			}
		} while (n);

		if (!first)/*为最左的孩子,也就是比现有的都小*/
			goto found;

		if (first->va_end < addr) {
			n = rb_next(&first->rb_node);
			if (n)
				first = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
			else/*next为空*/
				goto found;/*为找到的节点的下一个,也就是比找到的大*/
		}
		/*当上面没有满足要求时,重新配置addr,也就是起始
		地址*/
		while (addr + size > first->va_start && addr + size <= vend) {
			addr = ALIGN(first->va_end + PAGE_SIZE, align);/*重新配置起始地址*/
			if (addr + size - 1 < addr)
				goto overflow;

			n = rb_next(&first->rb_node);
			if (n)
				first = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
			else
				goto found;/*此时应该插入到找到的节点的右边*/
		}
	}
found:
	if (addr + size > vend) {
overflow:
		spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
		if (!purged) {
			purge_vmap_area_lazy();
			purged = 1;
			goto retry;
		}
		if (printk_ratelimit())
			printk(KERN_WARNING
				"vmap allocation for size %lu failed: "
				"use vmalloc= to increase size.\n", size);
		kfree(va);
		return ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
	}

	BUG_ON(addr & (align-1));
	/*初始化va*/
	va->va_start = addr;
	va->va_end = addr + size;
	va->flags = 0;
	/*插入到红黑树*/
	__insert_vmap_area(va);
	spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);

	return va;
}
static void insert_vmalloc_vm(struct vm_struct *vm, struct vmap_area *va,
			      unsigned long flags, void *caller)
{
	struct vm_struct *tmp, **p;
	/*初始化vm*/
	vm->flags = flags;
	vm->addr = (void *)va->va_start;
	vm->size = va->va_end - va->va_start;
	vm->caller = caller;
	va->private = vm;
	va->flags |= VM_VM_AREA;

	write_lock(&vmlist_lock);
	/*寻找插入位置*/
	for (p = &vmlist; (tmp = *p) != NULL; p = &tmp->next) {
		if (tmp->addr >= vm->addr)
			break;
	}
	/*插入工作*/
	vm->next = *p;
	*p = vm;
	write_unlock(&vmlist_lock);
}

初步总结了高端内存非连续区的管理框架,后面将总结他的分配和释放工作。


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