导数和微分的概念
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim _{\Delta x \rightarrow 0} \frac{f\left(x_{0}+\Delta x\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{\Delta x} f′(x0)=Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)
或者:
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim x → x 0 f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f(x)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{x-x_{0}} f′(x0)=x→x0limx−x0f(x)−f(x0)
函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处的左、右导数分别定义为:
左导数: f − ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 − f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x = lim x → x 0 − f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 , ( x = x 0 + Δ x ) f^{\prime}_{-}\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim _{\Delta x \rightarrow 0^{-}} \frac{f\left(x_{0}+\Delta x\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{\Delta x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{-}} \frac{f(x)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{x-x_{0}},\left(x=x_{0}+\Delta x\right) f−′(x0)=Δx→0−limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)=x→x0−limx−x0f(x)−f(x0),(x=x0+Δx)
右导数: f + ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 + f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x = lim x → x 0 + f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 f^{\prime}_{+}\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim _{\Delta x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{f\left(x_{0}+\Delta x\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{\Delta x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{+}} \frac{f(x)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{x-x_{0}} f+′(x0)=Δx→0+limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)=x→x0+limx−x0f(x)−f(x0)
设函数 u = u ( x ) , v = v ( x ) u=u(x), v=v(x) u=u(x),v=v(x) )在点 x x x 可导则
y = c y=c y=c (常数) | y ′ = 0 y^{\prime}=0 y′=0 |
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y = x α ( α 为实数 ) y=x^{\alpha}(\alpha \text { 为实数 }) y=xα(α 为实数 ) | y ′ = α x α − 1 y^{\prime}=\alpha x^{\alpha-1} y′=αxα−1 |
y = a x y=a^{x} y=ax | y ′ = a x ln a y^{\prime}=a^{x} \ln a y′=axlna 特例: ( e x ) ′ = e x \left(e^{x}\right)^{\prime}=e^{x} (ex)′=ex |
y = log a x y=\log _{a} x y=logax | y ′ = 1 x ln a y^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x \ln a} y′=xlna1 特例: ( ln x ) ′ = 1 x (\ln x)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x} (lnx)′=x1 |
y = sin x y=\sin x y=sinx | y ′ = cos x y^{\prime}=\cos x y′=cosx |
y = cos x y=\cos x y=cosx | y ′ = − sin x y^{\prime}=-\sin x y′=−sinx |
y = tan x y=\tan x y=tanx | y ′ = 1 cos 2 x = sec 2 x y^{\prime}=\frac{1}{\cos ^{2} x}=\sec ^{2} x y′=cos2x1=sec2x |
y = cot x y=\cot x y=cotx | y ′ = − 1 sin 2 x = − csc 2 x y^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{\sin ^{2} x}=-\csc ^{2} x y′=−sin2x1=−csc2x |
y = sec x y=\sec x y=secx | y ′ = sec x tan x y^{\prime}=\sec x \tan x y′=secxtanx |
y = csc x y=\csc x y=cscx | y ′ = − csc x cot x y^{\prime}=-\csc x \cot x y′=−cscxcotx |
y = arcsin x y=\arcsin x y=arcsinx | y ′ = 1 1 − x 2 y^{\prime}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} y′=1−x21 |
y = arccos x y=\arccos x y=arccosx | y ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 y^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} y′=−1−x21 |
y = arctan x y=\arctan x y=arctanx | y ′ = 1 1 + x 2 y^{\prime}=\frac{1}{1+x^{2}} y′=1+x21 |
y = arccot x y=\operatorname{arccot} x y=arccotx | y ′ = − 1 1 + x 2 y^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{1+x^{2}} y′=−1+x21 |
y = s h x y=s h x y=shx | y ′ = c h x y^{\prime}=c h x y′=chx |
y = c h x y=c h x y=chx | y ′ = s h x y^{\prime}=s h x y′=shx |
(1) 反函数的运算法则: 设 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x) 在点 x x x 的某邻域内单调连续, 在点 x x x 处可导且 f ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 , f^{\prime}(x) \neq 0, f′(x)=0, 则其反函数在点 x x x 所对应的 y y y 处可导, 并且有 d y d x = 1 d x \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1}{d x} dxdy=dx1
(2) 复合函数的运算法则:若 μ = φ ( x ) \mu=\varphi(x) μ=φ(x) 在点 x x x 可导,而 y = f ( μ ) y=f(\mu) y=f(μ) 在对应点 μ ( μ = φ ( x ) ) \mu(\mu=\varphi(x)) μ(μ=φ(x)) 可导,则复合函数 y = f ( φ ( x ) ) y=f(\varphi(x)) y=f(φ(x)) 在点 x x x 可导,且 y ′ = f ′ ( μ ) ⋅ φ ′ ( x ) y^{\prime}=f^{\prime}(\mu) \cdot \varphi^{\prime}(x) y′=f′(μ)⋅φ′(x)
(3) 隐函数导数 d y d x \frac{d y}{d x} dxdy 的求法一般有三种方法:
1)方程两边对x求导,要记住y是x的函数, 则y的函数是x的复合函数.例如 1 y , y 2 , ln y , e y \frac{1}{y}, y^{2}, \ln y, e^{y} y1,y2,lny,ey 等均是 x x x 的复合函数. 对 x x x 求导应按复合函数连锁法则做.
2 ) 公式法.由 F ( x , y ) = 0 F(x, y)=0 F(x,y)=0 知 d y d x = − F ′ x ( x , y ) F ′ y ( x , y ) \frac{d y}{d x}=-\frac{F^{\prime} x(x, y)}{F^{\prime} y(x, y)} dxdy=−F′y(x,y)F′x(x,y) 其中, F x ′ ( x , y ) , F y ′ ( x , y ) F_{x}^{\prime}(x, y), F_{y}^{\prime}(x, y) Fx′(x,y),Fy′(x,y) 分别表示 F ( x , y ) F(x, y) F(x,y) 对 x x x 和 y y y 的偏导数
3)利用微分形式不变性,参考复合函数求导
( a x ) ( n ) = a x ln n a ( a > 0 ) ( e x ) ( n ) = e x \left(a^{x}\right)^{(n)}=a^{x} \ln ^{n} a \quad(a>0) \quad\left(e^{x}\right)^{(n)}=e^{x} (ax)(n)=axlnna(a>0)(ex)(n)=ex |
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( sin k x ) ( n ) = k n sin ( k x + n ⋅ π 2 ) (\sin k x)^{(n)}=k^{n} \sin \left(k x+n \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right) (sinkx)(n)=knsin(kx+n⋅2π) |
( cos k x ) ( n ) = k n cos ( k x + n ⋅ π 2 ) (\cos k x)^{(n)}=k^{n} \cos \left(k x+n \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right) (coskx)(n)=kncos(kx+n⋅2π) |
( x m ) ( n ) = m ( m − 1 ) ⋯ ( m − n + 1 ) x m − n \left(x^{m}\right)^{(n)}=m(m-1) \cdots(m-n+1) x^{m-n} (xm)(n)=m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xm−n |
( ln x ) ( n ) = ( − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ! x n (\ln x)^{(n)}=(-1)^{(n-1)} \frac{(n-1) !}{x^{n}} (lnx)(n)=(−1)(n−1)xn(n−1)! |
莱布尼兹公式:若 u ( x ) , v ( x ) u(x), v(x) u(x),v(x) 均 n n n 阶可导, 则 ( u v ) ( n ) = ∑ i = 0 n c n i u ( i ) v ( n − i ) , (u v)^{(n)}=\sum_{i=0}^{n} c_{n}^{i} u^{(i)} v^{(n-i)}, (uv)(n)=∑i=0ncniu(i)v(n−i), 其中 u ( 0 ) = u , v ( 0 ) = v u^{(0)}=u, v^{(0)}=v u(0)=u,v(0)=v |
微分中值定理是一系列中值定理总称
若函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 满足条件:
(1) 函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在 x 0 x_{0} x0 的某邻域内有定义, 并且在此邻域内恒有 f ( x ) ≤ f ( x 0 ) f(x) \leq f\left(x_{0}\right) f(x)≤f(x0) 或 f ( x ) ≥ f ( x 0 ) f(x) \geq f\left(x_{0}\right) f(x)≥f(x0)
(2) f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在 x 0 x_{0} x0 处可导,则有 f ′ ( x 0 ) = 0 f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)=0 f′(x0)=0
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 满足条件:
(1)在闭区间[ ( a , b ] (a, b] (a,b] 上连续;
(2)在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内可导;
(3) f ( a ) = f ( b ) f(a)=f(b) f(a)=f(b)
则在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内一存在个 ξ \xi ξ 使 f ′ ( ξ ) = 0 f^{\prime}(\xi)=0 f′(ξ)=0
罗尔定理其实就是拉格朗日中值定理的一种特例
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 满足条件:
(1)在 [ a , b ] [a, b] [a,b] 上连续
(2)在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内可导;
则在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内一存在个 ξ \xi ξ 使 f ( b ) − f ( a ) b − a = f ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}=f^{\prime}(\xi) b−af(b)−f(a)=f′(ξ)
这个定理的几何意义就是,至少存在一点的切线与端点的连线平行;物理意义是,至少存在一点的速度与平均速度相等
设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x), g(x) f(x),g(x) 满足条件:
(1) 在 [ a , b ] [a, b] [a,b] 上连续;
(2) 在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内可导且 f ′ ( x ) , g ′ ( x ) f^{\prime}(x), g^{\prime}(x) f′(x),g′(x) 均存在, 且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g^{\prime}(x) \neq 0 g′(x)=0
则在 ( a , b ) (a, b) (a,b) 内存在一个 ξ \xi ξ使 f ( b ) − f ( a ) g ( b ) − g ( a ) = f ′ ( ξ ) g ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)}=\frac{f^{\prime}(\xi)}{g^{\prime}(\xi)} g(b)−g(a)f(b)−f(a)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ)
几何意义: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/47436090
法则 I ( 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 型):设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x), g(x) f(x),g(x) 满足条件:
lim x → x 0 f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → x 0 g ( x ) = 0 \quad \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} f(x)=0, \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} g(x)=0 x→x0limf(x)=0,x→x0limg(x)=0
f ( x ) , g ( x ) 在 x 0 的邻域内可导, (在 x 0 处可除外) ) \left.f(x), g(x) \text { 在 } x_{0} \text { 的邻域内可导, } \text { (在 } x_{0} \text { 处可除外) }\right) f(x),g(x) 在 x0 的邻域内可导, (在 x0 处可除外) ) 且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ; lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g^{\prime}(x) \neq 0;\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} g′(x)=0;x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或等于 ∞ \infty ∞)
则: lim x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)
法则 I ′ ( 0 0 ) I^{\prime}(\frac{0}{0}) I′(00)型 设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x)满足条件:
lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → ∞ g ( x ) = 0 \lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)=0, \lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} g(x)=0 x→∞limf(x)=0,x→∞limg(x)=0
存在一个 X > 0 X>0 X>0,当 ∣ x ∣ > X |x|>X ∣x∣>X时, f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x), g(x) f(x),g(x) 可导,且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ; lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g^{\prime}(x) \neq 0 ; \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} g′(x)=0;x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或等于 ∞ \infty ∞)。
则: lim x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)
法则 Π ( ∞ ∞ ) \Pi\left(\frac{\infty}{\infty}\right) Π(∞∞)型设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x)满足条件:
lim x → x 0 f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → x 0 g ( x ) = ∞ \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} f(x)=\infty, \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} g(x)=\infty x→x0limf(x)=∞,x→x0limg(x)=∞.
f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x)在 x 0 {x}_{0} x0 的邻域内可导(在 x 0 {x}_{0} x0处可除外)且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ; lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g^{\prime}(x) \neq 0 ; \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} g′(x)=0;x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或等于 ∞ \infty ∞)。
则: lim x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0}} \frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)} x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x) .
同理法则 Π ′ ( ∞ ∞ ) \Pi^{\prime}\left(\frac{\infty}{\infty}\right) Π′(∞∞)型可以仿照法则 I ′ ( 0 0 ) I^{\prime}(\frac{0}{0}) I′(00)型写出
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 {x}_{0} x0处的某邻域内具有 n + 1 n+1 n+1阶导数,则对该邻域内异于 x 0 {x}_{0} x0的任意点 x x x,在 x 0 {x}_{0} x0与 x x x之间至少存在一个 ξ \xi ξ,使得:
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + R n ( x ) f(x)=f\left(x_{0}\right)+f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)\left(x-x_{0}\right)+\frac{1}{2 !} f^{\prime \prime}\left(x_{0}\right)\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\cdots+\frac{f^{(n)}\left(x_{0}\right)}{n !}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n}+R_{n}(x) f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!1f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn(x)
其中 R n ( x ) = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( x − x 0 ) n + 1 R_{n}(x)=\frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1) !}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n+1} Rn(x)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)(x−x0)n+1
称为 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 {x}_{0} x0处的 n n n阶泰勒余项。
令 x 0 = 0 {x}_{0}=0 x0=0,则 n n n阶泰勒公式变为麦克劳林公式为:
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f ′ ( 0 ) x + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( 0 ) x 2 + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( 0 ) n ! x n + R n ( x ) f(x)=f(0)+f^{\prime}(0) x+\frac{1}{2 !} f^{\prime \prime}(0) x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n !} x^{n}+R_{n}(x) f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!1f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!f(n)(0)xn+Rn(x)
其中 R n ( x ) = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! x n + 1 R_{n}(x)=\frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1) !} x^{n+1} Rn(x)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)xn+1, ξ 在 0 与 x \xi 在0与x ξ在0与x之间.
(1) e x = 1 + x + 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! x n + x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! e ξ e^{x}=1+x+\frac{1}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n !} x^{n}+\frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1) !} e^{\xi} ex=1+x+2!1x2+⋯+n!1xn+(n+1)!xn+1eξ |
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或 = 1 + x + 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! x n + o ( x n ) =1+x+\frac{1}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n !} x^{n}+o\left(x^{n}\right) =1+x+2!1x2+⋯+n!1xn+o(xn) |
(2) sin x = x − 1 3 ! x 3 + ⋯ + x n n ! sin n π 2 + x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! sin ( ξ + n + 1 2 π ) \sin x=x-\frac{1}{3 !} x^{3}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !} \sin \frac{n \pi}{2}+\frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1) !} \sin \left(\xi+\frac{n+1}{2} \pi\right) sinx=x−3!1x3+⋯+n!xnsin2nπ+(n+1)!xn+1sin(ξ+2n+1π) |
或 = x − 1 3 ! x 3 + ⋯ + x n n ! sin n π 2 + o ( x n ) =x-\frac{1}{3 !} x^{3}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !} \sin \frac{n \pi}{2}+o\left(x^{n}\right) =x−3!1x3+⋯+n!xnsin2nπ+o(xn) |
(3) cos x = 1 − 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + x n n ! cos n π 2 + x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! cos ( ξ + n + 1 2 π ) \cos x=1-\frac{1}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !} \cos \frac{n \pi}{2}+\frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1) !} \cos \left(\xi+\frac{n+1}{2} \pi\right) cosx=1−2!1x2+⋯+n!xncos2nπ+(n+1)!xn+1cos(ξ+2n+1π) |
或 = 1 − 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + x n n ! cos n π 2 + o ( x n ) =1-\frac{1}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{x^{n}}{n !} \cos \frac{n \pi}{2}+o\left(x^{n}\right) =1−2!1x2+⋯+n!xncos2nπ+o(xn) |
(4) ln ( 1 + x ) = x − 1 2 x 2 + 1 3 x 3 − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n − 1 x n n + ( − 1 ) n x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ( 1 + ξ ) n + 1 \ln (1+x)=x-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\frac{1}{3} x^{3}-\cdots+(-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^{n}}{n}+\frac{(-1)^{n} x^{n+1}}{(n+1)(1+\xi)^{n+1}} ln(1+x)=x−21x2+31x3−⋯+(−1)n−1nxn+(n+1)(1+ξ)n+1(−1)nxn+1 |
或 = x − 1 2 x 2 + 1 3 x 3 − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n − 1 x n n + o ( x n ) =x-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\frac{1}{3} x^{3}-\cdots+(-1)^{n-1} \frac{x^{n}}{n}+o\left(x^{n}\right) =x−21x2+31x3−⋯+(−1)n−1nxn+o(xn) |
(5) ( 1 + x ) m = 1 + m x + m ( m − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + m ( m − 1 ) ⋯ ( m − n + 1 ) n ! x n + m ( m − 1 ) ⋯ ( m − n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ! x n + 1 ( 1 + ξ ) m − n − 1 (1+x)^{m}=1+m x+\frac{m(m-1)}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots+\frac{m(m-1) \cdots(m-n+1)}{n !} x^{n}+\frac{m(m-1) \cdots(m-n+1)}{(n+1) !} x^{n+1}(1+\xi)^{m-n-1} (1+x)m=1+mx+2!m(m−1)x2+⋯+n!m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xn+(n+1)!m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xn+1(1+ξ)m−n−1 |
或 ( 1 + x ) m = 1 + m x + m ( m − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ , + m ( m − 1 ) ⋯ ( m − n + 1 ) n ! x n + o ( x n ) (1+x)^{m}=1+m x+\frac{m(m-1)}{2 !} x^{2}+\cdots,+\frac{m(m-1) \cdots(m-n+1)}{n !} x^{n}+o\left(x^{n}\right) (1+x)m=1+mx+2!m(m−1)x2+⋯,+n!m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xn+o(xn) |
切线方程 : y − y 0 = f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) : y-y_{0}=f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)\left(x-x_{0}\right) :y−y0=f′(x0)(x−x0)
法线方程: y − y 0 = − 1 f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) , f ′ ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 y-y_{0}=-\frac{1}{f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right)}\left(x-x_{0}\right), f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}\right) \neq 0 y−y0=−f′(x0)1(x−x0),f′(x0)=0
水平渐近线
若 lim x → + ∞ f ( x ) = b , \lim _{x \rightarrow+\infty} f(x)=b, x→+∞limf(x)=b,
或 lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = b \lim _{x \rightarrow-\infty} f(x)=b x→−∞limf(x)=b
则 y = b y=b y=b称为函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)的水平渐近线。
铅直渐近线
若 lim x → x 0 − , f ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x\to x_{0}^{-}}{\mathop{\lim }},f(x)=\infty x→x0−lim,f(x)=∞,或 lim x → x 0 + , f ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x\to x_{0}^{+}}{\mathop{\lim }},f(x)=\infty x→x0+lim,f(x)=∞
则 x = x 0 x={{x}_{0}} x=x0称为 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)的铅直渐近线。
斜渐近线
若 a = lim x → ∞ f ( x ) x , b = lim x → ∞ [ f ( x ) − a x ] a=\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{f(x)}{x}, \quad b=\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}[f(x)-a x] a=x→∞limxf(x),b=x→∞lim[f(x)−ax]
则 y = a x + b y=ax+b y=ax+b称为 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)的斜渐近线
d S = 1 + y ′ 2 d x d S=\sqrt{1+y^{\prime 2}} d x dS=1+y′2dx
曲线 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)处的曲率 k = ∣ y ′ ′ ∣ ( 1 + y ′ 2 ) 3 2 k=\frac{\left|y^{\prime \prime}\right|}{\left(1+y^{\prime 2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}} k=(1+y′2)23∣y′′∣.
对于参数方程
曲线在点M处的曲率 k ( k ≠ 0 ) k(k≠0) k(k=0)与曲线在点M处的曲率半径 ρ \rho ρ有如下关系: ρ = 1 k \rho =\frac{1}{k} ρ=k1。
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