《动手学深度学习》Pytorch版学习笔记(二):Task05

《动手学深度学习》Pytorch版学习笔记(二):Task05

  • 课程背景
  • 主修课程
    • 1 任务
    • 2 循环神经网络基础
      • 2.1 从零开始实现循环神经网络
      • 2.2 循环神经网络的简介实现

课程背景

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主修课程

《动手学深度学习》 代码讲解Pytorch版:该书是2019年国内最受欢迎的人工智能学习教材之一,是一本面向中文读者的能运行、可讨论的深度学习教科书,书籍作者之一亚马逊首席科学家李沐,毕业于上海交大。伯禹教育携手上海交通大学团队,基于此书籍,将其中的代码框架由MXNET迁移至PyTorch,并对这些代码制作了讲解视频。帮助大家边动手写代码边巩固理论知识,从原理到实践,上手深度学习。

1 任务

【第二次打卡】内容(2月15日-17日)
1.Task03:过拟合、欠拟合及其解决方案;梯度消失、梯度爆炸;循环神经网络进阶(1天)
2.Task04:机器翻译及相关技术;注意力机制与Seq2seq模型;Transformer(1天)
3.Task05:卷积神经网络基础;leNet;卷积神经网络进阶(1天)
打卡时间:【2020-02-15 08:00 -- 2020-02-17 22:00】
打卡链接:学习开始放出

2 循环神经网络基础

本节介绍循环神经网络,我们的目的是基于当前的输入与过去的输入序列,预测序列的下一个字符。循环神经网络引入一个隐藏变量 H ,用 Ht 表示 H 在时间步 t 的值。 Ht 的计算基于 Xt 和 Ht−1 ,可以认为 Ht 记录了到当前字符为止的序列信息,利用 Ht 对序列的下一个字符进行预测。

2.1 从零开始实现循环神经网络

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import time
import math
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2l_jay9460 as d2l
(corpus_indices, char_to_idx, idx_to_char, vocab_size) = d2l.load_data_jay_lyrics()
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')

#one-hot向量
def one_hot(x, n_class, dtype=torch.float32):
    result = torch.zeros(x.shape[0], n_class, dtype=dtype, device=x.device)  # shape: (n, n_class)
    result.scatter_(1, x.long().view(-1, 1), 1)  # result[i, x[i, 0]] = 1
    return result
    
x = torch.tensor([0, 2])
x_one_hot = one_hot(x, vocab_size)
print(x_one_hot)
print(x_one_hot.shape)
print(x_one_hot.sum(axis=1))

def to_onehot(X, n_class):
    return [one_hot(X[:, i], n_class) for i in range(X.shape[1])]

X = torch.arange(10).view(2, 5)
inputs = to_onehot(X, vocab_size)
print(len(inputs), inputs[0].shape)

#初始化模型参数
num_inputs, num_hiddens, num_outputs = vocab_size, 256, vocab_size
# num_inputs: d
# num_hiddens: h, 隐藏单元的个数是超参数
# num_outputs: q

def get_params():
    def _one(shape):
        param = torch.zeros(shape, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
        nn.init.normal_(param, 0, 0.01)
        return torch.nn.Parameter(param)

    # 隐藏层参数
    W_xh = _one((num_inputs, num_hiddens))
    W_hh = _one((num_hiddens, num_hiddens))
    b_h = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device))
    # 输出层参数
    W_hq = _one((num_hiddens, num_outputs))
    b_q = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device))
    return (W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q)

#定义模型:函数rnn用循环的方式依次完成循环神经网络每个时间步的计算。
def rnn(inputs, state, params):
    # inputs和outputs皆为num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
    W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q = params
    H, = state
    outputs = []
    for X in inputs:
        H = torch.tanh(torch.matmul(X, W_xh) + torch.matmul(H, W_hh) + b_h)
        Y = torch.matmul(H, W_hq) + b_q
        outputs.append(Y)
    return outputs, (H,)
#函数init_rnn_state初始化隐藏变量,这里的返回值是一个元组。
def init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device):
    return (torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device), )

#裁剪梯度
def grad_clipping(params, theta, device):
    norm = torch.tensor([0.0], device=device)
    for param in params:
        norm += (param.grad.data ** 2).sum()
    norm = norm.sqrt().item()
    if norm > theta:
        for param in params:
            param.grad.data *= (theta / norm)

#定义预测函数
def predict_rnn(prefix, num_chars, rnn, params, init_rnn_state,
                num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx):
    state = init_rnn_state(1, num_hiddens, device)
    output = [char_to_idx[prefix[0]]]   # output记录prefix加上预测的num_chars个字符
    for t in range(num_chars + len(prefix) - 1):
        # 将上一时间步的输出作为当前时间步的输入
        X = to_onehot(torch.tensor([[output[-1]]], device=device), vocab_size)
        # 计算输出和更新隐藏状态
        (Y, state) = rnn(X, state, params)
        # 下一个时间步的输入是prefix里的字符或者当前的最佳预测字符
        if t < len(prefix) - 1:
            output.append(char_to_idx[prefix[t + 1]])
        else:
            output.append(Y[0].argmax(dim=1).item())
    return ''.join([idx_to_char[i] for i in output])

#定义模型训练函数
def train_and_predict_rnn(rnn, get_params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens,
                          vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char,
                          char_to_idx, is_random_iter, num_epochs, num_steps,
                          lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period,
                          pred_len, prefixes):
    if is_random_iter:
        data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_random
    else:
        data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_consecutive
    params = get_params()
    loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        if not is_random_iter:  # 如使用相邻采样,在epoch开始时初始化隐藏状态
            state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device)
        l_sum, n, start = 0.0, 0, time.time()
        data_iter = data_iter_fn(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device)
        for X, Y in data_iter:
            if is_random_iter:  # 如使用随机采样,在每个小批量更新前初始化隐藏状态
                state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device)
            else:  # 否则需要使用detach函数从计算图分离隐藏状态
                for s in state:
                    s.detach_()
            # inputs是num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
            inputs = to_onehot(X, vocab_size)
            # outputs有num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
            (outputs, state) = rnn(inputs, state, params)
            # 拼接之后形状为(num_steps * batch_size, vocab_size)
            outputs = torch.cat(outputs, dim=0)
            # Y的形状是(batch_size, num_steps),转置后再变成形状为
            # (num_steps * batch_size,)的向量,这样跟输出的行一一对应
            y = torch.flatten(Y.T)
            # 使用交叉熵损失计算平均分类误差
            l = loss(outputs, y.long())
            
            # 梯度清0
            if params[0].grad is not None:
                for param in params:
                    param.grad.data.zero_()
            l.backward()
            grad_clipping(params, clipping_theta, device)  # 裁剪梯度
            d2l.sgd(params, lr, 1)  # 因为误差已经取过均值,梯度不用再做平均
            l_sum += l.item() * y.shape[0]
            n += y.shape[0]

        if (epoch + 1) % pred_period == 0:
            print('epoch %d, perplexity %f, time %.2f sec' % (
                epoch + 1, math.exp(l_sum / n), time.time() - start))
            for prefix in prefixes:
                print(' -', predict_rnn(prefix, pred_len, rnn, params, init_rnn_state,
                    num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx))

2.2 循环神经网络的简介实现

#我们定义一个完整的基于循环神经网络的语言模型。
class RNNModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, rnn_layer, vocab_size):
        super(RNNModel, self).__init__()
        self.rnn = rnn_layer
        self.hidden_size = rnn_layer.hidden_size * (2 if rnn_layer.bidirectional else 1) 
        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
        self.dense = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, vocab_size)

    def forward(self, inputs, state):
        # inputs.shape: (batch_size, num_steps)
        X = to_onehot(inputs, vocab_size)
        X = torch.stack(X)  # X.shape: (num_steps, batch_size, vocab_size)
        hiddens, state = self.rnn(X, state)
        hiddens = hiddens.view(-1, hiddens.shape[-1])  # hiddens.shape: (num_steps * batch_size, hidden_size)
        output = self.dense(hiddens)
        return output, state

def predict_rnn_pytorch(prefix, num_chars, model, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char,
                      char_to_idx):
    state = None
    output = [char_to_idx[prefix[0]]]  # output记录prefix加上预测的num_chars个字符
    for t in range(num_chars + len(prefix) - 1):
        X = torch.tensor([output[-1]], device=device).view(1, 1)
        (Y, state) = model(X, state)  # 前向计算不需要传入模型参数
        if t < len(prefix) - 1:
            output.append(char_to_idx[prefix[t + 1]])
        else:
            output.append(Y.argmax(dim=1).item())
    return ''.join([idx_to_char[i] for i in output])

#接下来实现训练函数,这里只使用了相邻采样。
def train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device,
                                corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx,
                                num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta,
                                batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes):
    loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=lr)
    model.to(device)
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        l_sum, n, start = 0.0, 0, time.time()
        data_iter = d2l.data_iter_consecutive(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device) # 相邻采样
        state = None
        for X, Y in data_iter:
            if state is not None:
                # 使用detach函数从计算图分离隐藏状态
                if isinstance (state, tuple): # LSTM, state:(h, c)  
                    state[0].detach_()
                    state[1].detach_()
                else: 
                    state.detach_()
            (output, state) = model(X, state) # output.shape: (num_steps * batch_size, vocab_size)
            y = torch.flatten(Y.T)
            l = loss(output, y.long())
            
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            l.backward()
            grad_clipping(model.parameters(), clipping_theta, device)
            optimizer.step()
            l_sum += l.item() * y.shape[0]
            n += y.shape[0]
        

        if (epoch + 1) % pred_period == 0:
            print('epoch %d, perplexity %f, time %.2f sec' % (
                epoch + 1, math.exp(l_sum / n), time.time() - start))
            for prefix in prefixes:
                print(' -', predict_rnn_pytorch(
                    prefix, pred_len, model, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char,
                    char_to_idx))

#训练模型
num_epochs, batch_size, lr, clipping_theta = 250, 32, 1e-3, 1e-2
pred_period, pred_len, prefixes = 50, 50, ['分开', '不分开']
train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device,
                            corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx,
                            num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta,
                            batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)

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