虚幻4与现代C++：使用TaskGraph实现Fork-Join模型

Fork-Join 模型简介

Fork-Join 是一种并行编程的设计模式，通过下面这个图片可以有一个直观的理解：

图片来自维基百科

在上图中，不同颜色的方块代表着可并行执行的“任务”，它们可以根据需要从主线程中“分叉(fork)”出来执行，在需要顺序执行的点上又“合并(join)”到主线程。

使用 TaskGraph 实现 Fork-Join 模型

虚幻4的 TaskGraph 可以为每个“任务”指定“一个或多个前置任务”，也就是组成所谓的 Graph 啦！在这种框架下，Fork-Join 也是一种常用的任务组织的手法。

下面我还是通过一个简单的例子，来看看具体的编程实现。

假定我们需要从一个 Json 格式的文本文件中读取过去 20 年的上证指数数据，然后需要统计出：

• 最大值，最小值，平均值

最后把这个三个值显示到一个 UMG 的界面上！

咋选了这么个古怪的例子呢？呃，本来是想做一个异步加载 N 个 Static Mesh 模型之类的例子，但是异步加载资源的话，其实用 FStreamableManager 更合适。为了避免误解，就想弄个简单计算的例子。

分拆任务

首先需要把上述需求分拆成多个小的任务，看看哪些可以并行执行：

任务	执行线程	说明
加载并解析 Json	Any Thread	加载和解析这两个动作就放在一起了
计算最大值	Any Thread	加载之后即可执行
计算最小值	Any Thread	同上
计算平均值	Any Thread	同上
完成通知	Game Thread	通知界面更新

看下面这个图可能更直观一点：

Task Context 对象

在正式开始编写任务之前，我们需要先解决数据在任务之间“传递”和“共享”的问题。

在这里，我打算使用一个 Context 对象存储所有数据，这种方式也是引擎中很多 TaskGraph 所使用的。

下面是一个任务数据的详细分析：

数据项	主线程：任务发起	异步任务：加载并解析	异步任务：计算X3	主线程：UI更新	完成通知
数据文件路径	写入	只读	NA	NA	NA
完成回调	写入	NA	NA	NA	只读
Json 数据对象	NA	写入	只读	NA	NA
计算结果X3	NA	NA	写入	只读	只读

经过上面的分析之后，我设计了下面的数据结构，这个对象将在主线程和几个异步任务之间共享。结合前面那个图片中的执行序列分析，我决定：不用给Context对象加锁！

struct FStockAnalyzeContext
{
	bool bRunning = false;
	FString DataFilePath;
	FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
	TArray<TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>> StockData;
	FVector Result;	// {X:max, Y:min, Z:average}
};

那个 Json 对象，使用“ TSharedPtr StockData”感觉更好一点，不过，引擎中的 JSON 代码的参数写死了，只支持上面那个指针类型。我只能非常谨慎的编码，保证这些Json智能指针在访问的时候，不产生指针的复制。 如果你有更好的写法，请留言告诉我！

我们将在一个测试用的 Actor 对象里面存储一个 FStockAnalyzeContext 实例，然后在不同的 Task 之间共享它。

决定了这个 Context 数据结构之后，下面就是挨个实现每个 Task 了！

任务实现：异步加载 JSON

这个 Task 很简单，基本上就是把前一篇博客：基于任务的并行编程与TaskGraph 中的 FTask_LoadFileToString 稍加改造，在 DoTask() 中加上 Json 解析，并去掉派发子任务逻辑即可：

class FTask_LoadFileToJson
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
	FTask_LoadFileToJson(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_LoadFileToJson, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		TSharedPtr<FJsonObject> JsonObject;

		// load file from Content folder
		FString FilePath = Context->DataFilePath;
		FString FileContent;
		FString FullPath = FPaths::Combine(FPaths::ProjectContentDir(), FilePath);
		if (FPaths::FileExists(FullPath))
		{
			if (FFileHelper::LoadFileToString(FileContent, *FullPath))
			{
				TSharedRef< TJsonReader<> > Reader = TJsonReaderFactory<>::Create(FileContent);
				FJsonSerializer::Deserialize(Reader, JsonObject);
			}
		}

		// write resut to context
		if (JsonObject)
			Context->StockData = JsonObject->GetArrayField(TEXT("stock"));
	}
};

为了代码简单，我没有做什么错误处理啊~

任务实现：数据统计计算

对“上证指数”求最大值、最小值、平均值，就是从 Context 中读取数据， 进行个简单的计算啦：

class FTask_StockMax
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTask_StockMax(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMax, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		// process data 
		float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Min();
		int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
		for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
		{
			float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
			if (Value > Result)
				Result = Value;
		}

		// write resut to context
		Context->Result.X = Result;
	}
};

任务实现：完成通知

和前一篇博客一样：基于任务的并行编程与TaskGraph 我还是使用一个指定在 Game Thread 执行的 Task 来调用蓝图实现的事件：

class FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;
public:
	FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	FORCEINLINE TStatId GetStatId() const	{
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return ENamedThreads::GameThread; }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		check(IsInGameThread());

		Context->CompletionDelegate.ExecuteIfBound(Context->Result);
		Context->bRunning = false;
	}
};

派发所有任务

重点来了！我们需要把任务的执行组织成下面这个图片所示：

这个重点就是使用：TGraphTask::CreateTask() 函数的第一个个参数。

void AForkJoinDemo::AsyncAnalyzeStockData(const FString& FilePath)
{
	if (TaskContext.bRunning)
		return;

	FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
	CompletionDelegate.BindUFunction(this, "OnAnalyzeComplete");

	TaskContext = {};
	TaskContext.bRunning = true;
	TaskContext.CompletionDelegate = CompletionDelegate;
	TaskContext.DataFilePath = FilePath;

	FGraphEventRef LoadJson = TGraphTask<FTask_LoadFileToJson>::CreateTask().
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	// data process tasks
	FGraphEventArray RootTasks = { LoadJson };
	FGraphEventRef CalMax = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMax>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	FGraphEventRef CalMin = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMin>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	FGraphEventRef CalAverage = TGraphTask<FTask_StockAverage>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	// compeletion
	FGraphEventArray CalTasks = { CalMax, CalMin, CalAverage };
	TGraphTask<FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze>::CreateTask(&CalTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

}

小结

通过指定任务的依赖关系，可以很方便的使用 TaskGraph 实现 Fork-Join 模型。

相关的样例工程在我的 GitHub ：https://github.com/neil3d/UnrealCookBook/tree/master/MakingUseOfTaskGraph 。
本文相关的 Demo 完整源代码也附上：

ForkJoinDemo.h

#pragma once

#include "CoreMinimal.h"
#include "GameFramework/Actor.h"
#include "Dom/JsonObject.h"	// Json
#include "Dom/JsonValue.h"	// Json
#include "ForkJoinDemo.generated.h"

DECLARE_DELEGATE_OneParam(FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete, FVector);

struct FStockAnalyzeContext
{
	bool bRunning = false;
	FString DataFilePath;
	FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;

	TArray<TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>> StockData;
	FVector Result;	// {X:max, Y:min, Z:average}

	int32 GetStockDataCount() const;
	float GetStockData(int32 Index) const;
};

UCLASS()
class MAKINGUSEOFTASKGRAPH_API AForkJoinDemo : public AActor
{
	GENERATED_BODY()
	
public:	
	// Sets default values for this actor's properties
	AForkJoinDemo();

	UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)
		void AsyncAnalyzeStockData(const FString& FilePath);

	UFUNCTION(BlueprintImplementableEvent)
		void OnAnalyzeComplete(FVector Result);

protected:
	FStockAnalyzeContext TaskContext;
};

ForkJoinDemo.cpp

FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockData() 的效率有很大优化空间，这里请忽略，咱们是谈 TaskGraph 为主。

#include "ForkJoinDemo.h"
#include "Misc/Paths.h"
#include "Misc/FileHelper.h"
#include "Math/NumericLimits.h"
#include "Async/TaskGraphInterfaces.h"	// Core
#include "Serialization/JsonReader.h"	// Json
#include "Serialization/JsonSerializer.h" // Json

int32 FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockDataCount() const
{
	return StockData.Num();
}

float FStockAnalyzeContext::GetStockData(int32 Index) const
{
	const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>& Element = StockData[Index];
	const TSharedPtr<FJsonObject>& Stock = Element->AsObject();
	const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>* FieldPtr = Stock->Values.Find(TEXT("close"));

	if (!FieldPtr)
		return 0.0f;

	const TSharedPtr<FJsonValue>& Field = *FieldPtr;

	check(Field && !Field->IsNull());
	return FCString::Atof(*(Field->AsString()));
}

FAutoConsoleTaskPriority CPrio_StockTasks(
	TEXT("TaskGraph.TaskPriorities.StockTasks"),
	TEXT("Task and thread priority for stock analyzation."),
	ENamedThreads::HighThreadPriority,
	ENamedThreads::NormalTaskPriority,
	ENamedThreads::HighTaskPriority
);

class FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	FORCEINLINE TStatId GetStatId() const
	{
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return ENamedThreads::GameThread; }

	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		check(IsInGameThread());

		Context->CompletionDelegate.ExecuteIfBound(Context->Result);
		Context->bRunning = false;
	}
};

class FTask_StockMax
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTask_StockMax(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMax, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		// process data 
		float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Min();
		int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
		for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
		{
			float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
			if (Value > Result)
				Result = Value;
		}

		// write resut to context
		Context->Result.X = Result;
	}
};


class FTask_StockMin
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTask_StockMin(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockMin, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		// process data 
		float Result = TNumericLimits<float>::Max();
		int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
		for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
		{
			float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
			if (Value < Result)
				Result = Value;
		}

		// write resut to context
		Context->Result.Y = Result;
	}
};


class FTask_StockAverage
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTask_StockAverage(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_StockAverage, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		// process data 
		float Result = 0;
		int32 Count = Context->GetStockDataCount();
		for (int32 i = 0; i < Count; i++)
		{
			float Value = Context->GetStockData(i);
			Result += Value;
		}

		// write resut to context
		Context->Result.Z = Result / Count;
	}
};

class FTask_LoadFileToJson
{
	FStockAnalyzeContext* Context;

public:
	FTask_LoadFileToJson(FStockAnalyzeContext* InContext) : Context(InContext)
	{}

	TStatId GetStatId() const {
		RETURN_QUICK_DECLARE_CYCLE_STAT(FTask_LoadFileToJson, STATGROUP_TaskGraphTasks);
	}

	static ENamedThreads::Type GetDesiredThread() { return CPrio_StockTasks.Get(); }
	static ESubsequentsMode::Type GetSubsequentsMode() { return ESubsequentsMode::TrackSubsequents; }

	void DoTask(ENamedThreads::Type CurrentThread, const FGraphEventRef& MyCompletionGraphEvent)
	{
		TSharedPtr<FJsonObject> JsonObject;

		// load file from Content folder
		FString FilePath = Context->DataFilePath;
		FString FileContent;
		FString FullPath = FPaths::Combine(FPaths::ProjectContentDir(), FilePath);
		if (FPaths::FileExists(FullPath))
		{
			if (FFileHelper::LoadFileToString(FileContent, *FullPath))
			{
				TSharedRef< TJsonReader<> > Reader = TJsonReaderFactory<>::Create(FileContent);
				FJsonSerializer::Deserialize(Reader, JsonObject);
			}
		}

		// write resut to context
		if (JsonObject)
			Context->StockData = JsonObject->GetArrayField(TEXT("stock"));
	}
};

// Sets default values
AForkJoinDemo::AForkJoinDemo()
{
}

void AForkJoinDemo::AsyncAnalyzeStockData(const FString& FilePath)
{
	if (TaskContext.bRunning)
		return;

	FTaskDelegate_StockAnalyzeComplete CompletionDelegate;
	CompletionDelegate.BindUFunction(this, "OnAnalyzeComplete");

	TaskContext = {};
	TaskContext.bRunning = true;
	TaskContext.CompletionDelegate = CompletionDelegate;
	TaskContext.DataFilePath = FilePath;

	FGraphEventRef LoadJson = TGraphTask<FTask_LoadFileToJson>::CreateTask().
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	// data process tasks
	FGraphEventArray RootTasks = { LoadJson };
	FGraphEventRef CalMax = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMax>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	FGraphEventRef CalMin = TGraphTask<FTask_StockMin>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	FGraphEventRef CalAverage = TGraphTask<FTask_StockAverage>::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

	// compeletion
	FGraphEventArray CalTasks = { CalMax, CalMin, CalAverage };
	TGraphTask<FTaskCompletion_StockAnalyze>::CreateTask(&CalTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
		ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

}

延伸阅读

CalMin = TGraphTask::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

FGraphEventRef CalAverage = TGraphTask::CreateTask(&RootTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
	ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

// compeletion
FGraphEventArray CalTasks = { CalMax, CalMin, CalAverage };
TGraphTask::CreateTask(&CalTasks, ENamedThreads::AnyThread).
	ConstructAndDispatchWhenReady(&TaskContext);

}

## 延伸阅读

- [Wiki: Fork-Join](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork%E2%80%93join_model)