ipython常用方法说明

一直苦于python蹩脚的IDE，最近寻觅到一个非常优秀的python交互式解释器ipython， 再此总结下实际中常用到的方法：
特别说明下：本人为windows环境，所有命令都是相对windows的

自动补全

使用tab可以直接对已打出的对象或变量进行补全

魔术关键字

魔术关键字以%开头，如果automagic打开了，则不用输入%,否则需要，使用automagic可以切换状态
可以使用%magic参看所有魔术方法

env 显示环境变量
ed或edit 编辑一个文件并执行
ed -x filename 编辑文件不执行
edit 3:10 编辑3:10行的指令并执行
hist 显示历史纪录，可以用-n增加行号
hist 3:10 显示3-10行的历史纪录
bg function 把function函数放到后台执行
pwd 当前目录
pycat filename 语法高亮显示一个文件
macro name 1:10 把1:10行的代码设为name宏
save filename 1:10 把1:10行代码保存到文件中
time statement 计算一段代码执行时间
timeit statement 自动选择重复和循环次数计算一段代码执行时间
run filename 执行一个文件，如果希望防止执行的，需要增加if name == “main“:
autoindent 如果启用，粘贴的时候会自动缩进代码
reset 重置所有变量
Bash命令
cls 清除屏幕
colors

IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card
================================================================

obj?, obj??      : Get help, or more help for object (also works as ?obj, ??obj).
?foo.*abc*       : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them.
%magic           : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.

Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments
without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience.  Line magics take a
single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%.

Example magic function calls:

%alias d ls -F   : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F'
alias d ls -F    : Works if 'alias' not a python name
alist = %alias   : Get list of aliases to 'alist'
cd /usr/share    : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs.
%cd??            : See help AND source for magic %cd
%timeit x=10     : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision.
%%timeit x=2**100
x**100           : time 'x*100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not
                   counted.  This is an example of a cell magic.

System commands:

!cp a.txt b/     : System command escape, calls os.system()
cp a.txt b/      : after %rehashx, most system commands work without !
cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands
files = !ls /usr : Capture sytem command output
files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc'

History:

_i, _ii, _iii    : Previous, next previous, next next previous input
_i4, _ih[2:5]    : Input history line 4, lines 2-4
exec _i81        : Execute input history line #81 again
%rep 81          : Edit input history line #81
_, __, ___       : previous, next previous, next next previous output
_dh              : Directory history
_oh              : Output history
%hist            : Command history. '%hist -g foo' search history for 'foo'

Autocall:

f 1,2            : f(1,2)  # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic.
/f 1,2           : f(1,2) (forced autoparen)
,f 1 2           : f("1","2")
;f 1 2           : f("1 2")

Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names
or python names.

The following magic functions are currently available:

%alias:
    Define an alias for a system command.
%alias_magic:
    %alias_magic [-l] [-c] name target
%autocall:
    Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
    #
%automagic:
    Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
   #使用%automagic on(off)打开(关闭)automagic，打开后使用魔术方法不需要加%
%autosave:
    Set the autosave interval in the notebook (in seconds).
%bookmark:
    Manage IPython's bookmark system.
%cd:
    #切换目录
    Change the current working directory.
%clear:
    #清除终端
    Clear the terminal.
%cls:
    Clear the terminal.
%colors:
    Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
    Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
    Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
%config:
    configure IPython
%connect_info:
    Print information for connecting other clients to this kernel
%debug:
    %debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%dhist:
    Print your history of visited directories.
%dirs:
    #返回当前目录
    Return the current directory stack.
%doctest_mode:
    Toggle doctest mode on and off.
%ed:
    #打开文本编辑器
    Alias for `%edit`.
%edit:
    Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
%env:
    #罗列环境变量
    List environment variables.
%gui:
    Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
%guiref:
    Show a basic reference about the GUI Console.
%hist:
    Alias for `%history`.
%history:
    %history [-n] [-o] [-p] [-t] [-f FILENAME] [-g [PATTERN [PATTERN ...]]]
%install_default_config:
    %install_default_config has been deprecated.
%install_ext:
    Download and install an extension from a URL, e.g.::
%install_profiles:
    %install_profiles has been deprecated.
%killbgscripts:
    Kill all BG processes started by %%script and its family.
%less:
    Show a file through the pager.
%load:
    #载入指定python文件的当前源码
    Load code into the current frontend.
%load_ext:
    Load an IPython extension by its module name.
%loadpy:
    Alias of `%load`
%logoff:
    Temporarily stop logging.
%logon:
    Restart logging.
%logstart:
    Start logging anywhere in a session.
%logstate:
    Print the status of the logging system.
%logstop:
    Fully stop logging and close log file.
%lsmagic:
    List currently available magic functions.
%macro:
    Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
%magic:
    Print information about the magic function system.
%matplotlib:
    %matplotlib [gui]
%more:
    Show a file through the pager.
%notebook:
    %notebook [-e] [-f FORMAT] filename
%page:
    Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
%pastebin:
    Upload code to Github's Gist paste bin, returning the URL.
%pdb:
    Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
%pdef:
    Print the call signature for any callable object.
%pdoc:
    Print the docstring for an object.
%pfile:
    Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
%pinfo:
    Provide detailed information about an object.
%pinfo2:
    Provide extra detailed information about an object.
%popd:
    Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
%pprint:
    Toggle pretty printing on/off.
%precision:
    Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
%profile:
    Print your currently active IPython profile.
%prun:
    Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%psearch:
    Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
%psource:
    Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.
%pushd:
    Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
%pwd:
    Return the current working directory path.
%pycat:
    Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
%pylab:
    %pylab [--no-import-all] [gui]
%qtconsole:
    Open a qtconsole connected to this kernel.
%quickref:
    Show a quick reference sheet 
%recall:
    Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing.
%rehashx:
    Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
%reload_ext:
    Reload an IPython extension by its module name.
%rep:
    Alias for `%recall`.
%rerun:
    Re-run previous input
%reset:
    Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user, if
%reset_selective:
    Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
%run:
    Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
%save:
    Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
%sc:
    Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).
%store:
    Lightweight persistence for python variables.
%sx:
    Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%system:
    Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%tb:
    Print the last traceback with the currently active exception mode.
%time:
    #一个python表达式的执行时间
    Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%timeit:
    Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%unalias:
    Remove an alias
%unload_ext:
    Unload an IPython extension by its module name.
%who:
    Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
%who_ls:
    Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
%whos:
    Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
%xdel:
    Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
%xmode:
    Switch modes for the exception handlers.
%%!:
    Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%HTML:
    Alias for `%%html`.
%%SVG:
    Alias for `%%svg`.
%%bash:
    %%bash script magic
%%capture:
    %capture [--no-stderr] [--no-stdout] [output]
%%cmd:
    %%cmd script magic
%%debug:
    %debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%%file:
    Alias for `%%writefile`.
%%html:
    Render the cell as a block of HTML
%%javascript:
    Run the cell block of Javascript code
%%latex:
    Render the cell as a block of latex
%%perl:
    %%perl script magic
%%powershell:
    %%powershell script magic
%%prun:
    Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%%pypy:
    %%pypy script magic
%%python:
    %%python script magic
%%python3:
    %%python3 script magic
%%ruby:
    %%ruby script magic
%%script:
    %shebang [--proc PROC] [--bg] [--err ERR] [--out OUT]
%%sh:
    %%sh script magic
%%svg:
    Render the cell as an SVG literal
%%sx:
    Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%system:
    Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%time:
    Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%%timeit:
    Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%%writefile:
    %writefile [-a] filename

使用!做前缀可以执行shell命令，还可以用$来转换python变量，如下

for i in range(10):
s = “dir%s” % i
!mkdir $s

for i in !ls:
print i
特别的，如果普通的shell命令有 的话，必须使用 对原来的 进行转义，如果原来是echo PATH，需要使用shell时候，需要写成!echo $$PATH

打印对象属性

使用dir可以将对象属性打印出来，如

import os
dir(os)