计算机语言-古今多少事，都付笑谈中
滚滚长江东逝水， 浪花淘尽英雄。 是非成败转头空， 青山依旧在， 几度夕阳红。 白发渔樵江渚上， 惯看秋月春风。 一壶浊酒喜相逢， 古今多少事， 都付笑谈中。
当我们回味历史，总会有点儿发现吧。看看计算机语言的历史，也许你会明白，为什么我学的计算机语言是C++，而国外更多的人使用smalltalk？ML也是一种计算机语言。
下面是个简单表：
*Fortran I 1957 Static implicit typing (type based on variable name) Static allocation DS:arrays SY:1 Fortran II 1958 Fortran IV 1962 *Fortran 77 1977 SY:2 *Fortran 90 1990 Heap allocation SY:3 Fortran 2003 2003 APL 1960 Dynamic implicit typing Stack allocation http://www.acm.org/sigapl/ DS:arrays SY:4 APL 2 1984 APL 96 1996 A+ 1988 APL 2 Forth 1969 Stack allocation SY:1 PostScript 1982 Forth DS:strings PostScript level 2 1994 GC Flow-matic 1957 Static allocation *COBOL 1960 Flow-matic Static allocation DS:records SY:2 COBOL-68 1968 COBOL-74 1974 COBOL-85 1985 COBOL 2002 2002 Algol 58 1958 Fortran I Stack allocation DS:arrays SY:2 *Algol 60 1960 Algol 68 1968 GC SY:3 *PL/I 1964 Algol 60,Fortran IV,COBOL Static explicit typing Stack allocation SY:3 Algol W 1966 Algol 60 *Pascal 1971 Algol W,PL/I Static explicit typing Heap allocation Pascal AFNOR 1983 Objective Pascal 1985 Delphi 1995 Modula 1975 Pascal Modula-2 1977 Modula-3 1989 GC Oberon 1988 Modula-2 Oberon-2 1991 CSP 1978 occam 1983 Ease 1990 Ada 1979 Pascal,CSP SY:4 *Ada 83 1983 Ada 95 1995 JOSS 1963 Algol 58 Mumps 1967 Standard Mumps 1977 Mumps 1984 1984 Basic 1964 Fortran IV,JOSS Dynamic implicit typing GC SY:2 Quick Basic 1988 Visual Basic 1990 http://www.microsoft.com/vbasic/ DS:objects Simula I 1963 Algol 60 Static explicit typing http://www.cetus-links.org/oo_simula.html Heap allocation Simula 67 1967 GC *Smalltalk 1969 Simula 67 SY:1 Smalltalk 72 1972 Smalltalk 74 1974 Smalltalk 76 1976 Smalltalk 78 1978 *Smalltalk 80 1980 Dynamic implicit typing Beta 1976 Simula 67 CLU 1974 Simula 67,Pascal BETA 1983 Smalltalk 80,Modula-2 Self 1987 Smalltalk 80 SY:1 NewtonScript 1993 Self AppleScript 1993 Smalltalk 80 Dynamic implicit typing *Eiffel 1986 Ada 83,Simula 67 Static explicit typing GC Eiffel 2 1989 Eiffel 3 1996 Sather 0.1 1991 Eiffel 2 Sather 1.0 1994 #Sather 1.1 # 1995 #Sather 1.2.1 # 1999 CPL 1961 Algol 60 Heap allocation BCPL 1969 B 1970 C 1971 B,Algol 68 Static explicit weak typing DS:records,arrays SY:4 *C (K&R) 1978 ANSI C 1989 C99 1999 *C++ 1985 C (K&R),Simula 67,Algol 68 SY:5 C++ (ARM) 1990 C++,Ada 83,CLU *C++ (ISO) 1998 C (ANSI) 1989 C (K&R),C++ SY:4 C 95 1995 C 99 1999 Oak 1991 C++ (ARM) Static explicit typing (RTTI) GC SY:3 *Java 1995 Java 2 (v1.2) 1998 *Java 2 (v1.5 beta) 2004 J++ 1997 Java J++ 6.0 1999 Limbo 1996 C 95,Java,CSP GC Objective-C 1986 C (K&R),Smalltalk 80 Heap allocation .NET 1999 *C# 2000 C++ (ISO),Java 2 (v1.2),.NET GC SY:4 *C# 2.0 2005 C# 3.0 beta 1 2007 VB.NET 2001 Visual Basic,.NET http://dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Visual_Basic/Visual_Basic.NET/ J# 2002 J++ 6.0,.NET Snobol 1963 Dynamic implicit typing GC DS:strings Snobol4 1967 Icon 1983 Snobol4,CLU,C (K&R) http://ringer.cs.utsa.edu/research/icon/ Unicon 2005 sh 1971 Heap allocation DS:strings SY:3 csh 1978 sh,C Heap allocation tcsh 1981 ksh 1983 sh ksh88 1988 ksh93 1993 ksh98 1998 zsh 1990 ksh88,tcsh zsh 3.0 1997 zsh 4.0 2001 sed 1979 awk 1978 C,Snobol4 GC nawk 1985 REXX 1979 PL/I,Basic Heap allocation REXX 3.0 1982 Object REXX 1988 NetREXX 1997 bash 1989 sh,csh,ksh bash 2.0 1996 bash 3.0 2004 *Perl 1987 nawk,sed,sh GC DS:strings,lists SY:5 Perl 4 1991 *Perl 5 1994 Perl 5.005 1998 Perl 5.6.0 2000 Perl 5.8.0 2002 *JavaScript 1995 Java,Self GC http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/javascript/2001/04/06/js_history.html ECMAScript 1997 ECMAScript rel3 1999 JavaScript 1.5 2000 JavaScript 1.7 2006 Lua 1994 Perl 4,Pascal AFNOR GC #Lua 3.0 # 1997 Lua 4.0 2000 Lua 5.0 2003 PHP 1995 Perl 5 GC PHP4 2000 PHP5 2004 *Tcl 1988 nawk GC DS:strings SY:2 Tcl 8.1 1999 *Lisp 1959 Dynamic implicit typing GC DS:lists SY:1 *Scheme Lisp,Algol 60 1975 Scheme MIT 1978 Scheme 84 1984 Scheme R3RS 1986 Scheme R4RS 1988 *Scheme R5RS 1998 Scheme R6RS 2007 *Common Lisp 1985 Scheme MIT,Lisp SY:2 Common Lisp (ANSI) 1994 CLOS 1989 Common Lisp Logo 1967 Lisp ABC 1980 *Python 1991 ABC,Modula-3,C (ANSI) GC DS:strings,lists SY:2 Python 1.5.2 1999 *Python 2.0 2000 SY:3 Python 2.2 2002 SY:3 #Python 2.3 # 2003 Python 2.4 2004 Python 2.5 2006 Boo 2003 Python,.NET Pike 1996 C++ (ARM) GC *Ruby 1995 Python,Perl 4,Smalltalk 80,Eiffel 2 GC DS:strings,lists SY:4 Ruby 1.8 2003 Cecil 1992 CLOS,Eiffel GC Dylan 1992 CLOS,Smalltalk 80,C++ (ARM) GC Squeak 1996 Smalltalk 80,Self,Logo ISWIM 1966 SASL 1976 KRC 1981 FP 1978 SY:1 FL 1985 J 1997 APL 96,FL *ML 1977 GC DS:lists,datatypes SY:2 *SML 1984 SML 90 1990 SML 97 1997 SML.NET 2002 SML 97,.NET *Caml 1987 SML *OCaml 1996 SY:3 OCaml 3.0 2000 SY:4 Pizza 1996 Java,SML F# 2002 OCaml 3.0,.NET http://research.microsoft.com/projects/ilx/fsharp.htm Nemerle 2003 http://nemerle.org/ Hope 1978 ML Lazy ML 1984 KRC,ML Lean 1985? SML Clean 1987? Concurrent Clean 1989? Miranda 1985 KRC,SASL,ML,Hope GC Haskell 1990 Miranda,Lazy ML SY:4 Gofer 1991 Haskell *Haskell 98 1998 Haskell,Gofer GHC 5.00 2001 GHC 6.0 2003 Mondrian 2000 Haskell 98,.NET CAL (Open Quark) 2006 Haskell 98,Java 2 (v1.2) *Prolog 1970 GC DS:lists,datatypes SY:1 Prolog ISO 1995 SY:2 Erlang 1988 Common Lisp,Prolog CLIPS 1985 Prolog CLIPS 5.0 1991 CLIPS,CLOS Lambda Prolog 1989 Prolog,SML SY:4 Life 1988 Prolog Mercury 1993 Prolog,SML 90,Haskell DS:datatypes SY:3 Oz 1 1995 Life # info from http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/people/PVR/tut101000.ps, p.22 Oz 3 1999 REBOL 1998 CLOS http://www.rebol.com/ K 1993 A+,Scheme R4RS F-Script 1998 Smalltalk 80,APL http://www.fscript.org/ SEQUEL 1974 SEQUEL/2 1976 SQL 1977 ANSI SQL 1986 ISO SQL 1987 SQL-92 1992 SQL-1999 1999 SQL-2003 2003 Quilt 2000 SQL-92 XQuery 2001 Nice 2003 Java 2 (v1.2),OCaml,CLOS http://nice.sf.net/ Scala 2004 Java 2 (v1.2),.NET,OCaml http://scala.epfl.ch/ Io 2003 Smalltalk 80,Lua,NewtonScript Groovy 2004 Java 2 (v1.2),Ruby Groovy 1 2007 Fortress 1.0beta 2007 Scala,Fortran 2003 Cyclone 2002 C 95 Cyclone 1.0 2005 D 1.0 2007 C++,C99,Java,C# Zonnon 2005 Oberon-2,.NET