Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解

前言

本文主要总结Android消息机制,以及自问自答一道相关面试题。


目录

  • 面试题

    • Handler.postDelayed()是否精确延时?
  • 1.消息机制概述

  • 2.消息机制分析

    • ThreadLocal的作用
    • 消息队列MessageQueue的工作原理
    • Looper的工作原理
    • Handler的工作原理

面试题

Handler.postDelayed()是否精确延时?

先给出答案:

当上一个消息存在耗时任务的时候,会占用延时任务执行的时机,当上一个任务耗用总时超过上下任务执行时间的时间差时,后一个任务会被延时,此时是不准确的。如果需要保证任务准时执行,我的理解是,务必将耗时操作放入子线程,任务执行完时,将UI更新部分利用Handler机制切换回主线程,不要利用Handler去实现一些类似于界面动画的工作。

下面是测试代码:

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第1张图片
Handler延时精确测试

第二个延时任务执行完时与post时之差

我们可以跟一下postDelayed的源码:


Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第2张图片
调用sendMessageDelayed

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第3张图片
调用sendMessageAtTime并计算好执行时间

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第4张图片
调用enqueueMessage压入消息列表

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第5张图片
交由MessageQueue处理

上面的4张图依次是postDelayed的调用路径,可以看到最后由MessageQueue来维持消息队列。再往下即引出我们本文的Android 消息机制分析。

1.消息机制概述

Android 消息机制主要是指是Handler的运行机制以及MessageQueue和Looper的工作过程。
Handler是消息机制的上层接口,作为开发,提到消息机制,我们一定是和Handler打交道。Handler常常被我们用于更新UI,但是本质上Handler并不是只是用来更新UI,它主要的作用是将一个任务切换到Handler所在线程去执行,也可以说是线程间通信
与Android消息机制相关的还有ThreadLocal类,这是一个线程内部的数据存储类。数据存储后,只有指定线程可以获取,其他线程不可见。
延伸

系统不建议在子线程访问UI的原因:UI控件非线程安全,在多线程中并发访问可能会导致UI控件处于不可预期的状态。
系统不对UI访问加上锁机制主要出于这两点:

  • 上锁会让UI访问的逻辑变得复杂
  • 上锁会遇到线程阻塞,降低UI访问效率

2.消息机制分析

ThreadLocal的作用

一般来说,当需要以线程为作用域时,我们就需要使用ThreadLocal了,而在Android消息机制中,一个线程只有一个Looper,所以这个时候ThreadLocal很适合用于Local的存取。
查看Looper.prepare();我们就可以看到ThreadLocal的身影,这里如果ThreadLocal已经有Looper对象时,将会抛出异常,每个线程只能创建一个Looper,而为null时,则会实例化一个Looper。
具体关于ThreadLocal的工作原理分析请另外参考文章,Android: 理解Thread的工作原理

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第6张图片
Looper.prepare();

消息队列MessageQueue的工作原理

消息队列指的是MessageQueue,主要包括两个操作,插入和读取,分别对应enqueueMessage和next,尽管叫做队列,但内部使用的是一个单向链表。
下方是enqueueMessage的源码,可以看到就是一个单链表插入的操作。

    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;  //具体的执行时间在sendMessageDelayed中设置,参考面试题部分的源码分析
            Message p = mMessages;  //头指针
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

下面是next的源码,可以发现next是一个无线循环的方法,如果消息队列没有消息,则方法会一直阻塞,有消息来临时,会返回这条消息并且从单列表中删除。

    Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);  //阻塞或者延时到下一个msg执行时间唤醒

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

延伸

本文提到的面试题中,假设有2个任务分别为A和B,A延时五秒,B延时2秒,当A插入消息队列后,在next方法中由于还未到执行时间,会重新计算剩余时间,然后继续循环,当B插入时,在执行延时小于当前队列头任务时,会将B任务插入头结点,然后把mBlocked赋值给needWake,调用nativeWake唤起阻塞的Looper。而B任务执行的时间加上延时时间不超过五秒时,Looper会准时提出A消息,从而是一个精确的延时,而相反的,由于当B执行完才会继续调用next方法,所以一旦耗时任务超时,A任务的延时就不再精确,总上,Handler不保时。

Looper的工作原理

Looper在消息机制中主要的职责是不断地从MessageQueue中查看是否还有新消息,有就会处理,否则就会阻塞。在构造Looper对象时,会实例化一个MessageQueue对象,同时持有当前的Thread对象

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

构造Looper主要是通过Looper.prepare()来创建,在上文ThreadLocal部分提到过。
Loop最重要的是loop方法,调用后消息队列开始循环。

    /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();  //静态方法,从sThreadLocal中获取本线程创建的Looper实例对象
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {  //无限循环,唯一跳出循环的方式是next返回null时
            //queue.next()阻塞时会连带阻塞loop方法
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            final long end;
            try {
                //传递给发送消息的handler对象,并且在Looper所在的线程里执行
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                final long time = end - start;
                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

Handler的工作原理

Handler的工作主要包括消息的发送和接收,主要是post和send一系列方法实现,同时post系列方法最后还是调用send方法执行。关于发送部分函数调用过程已经在面试题题解部分提到过,不再赘述。
在实例化Handler的时候会调用Looper.myLooper(),获取到本线程的Looper从而关联上整个消息队列的机制。

    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }
        //主要是获取本线程Looper、消息队列以及传入的callback
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

Looper中会调用Message携带的Handler的dispatchMessage方法,这个时候就到了Handler的消息处理阶段:

  //使用post传递一个runnable对象时会被包装成一个Message把runnable赋值给msg.callback所以在这里执行对应的runnable
    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }
    /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            //不派生子类的情况下也就是说new Handler(mCallback)传入的一个接口实例也可以创建Handler
            //这里执行的就是这种情况下传入的CallBack
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            //派生子类时重写的默认方法
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

至此基本已经分析完了,最后借用一张图,图片来源:android的消息机制——Handler机制

Android: 消息机制与handler面试题题解_第7张图片

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