Python学习(十四)--枚举类型

1.枚举

枚举本身就是一个类
枚举的标识最好全部用大写来表示

2.枚举和普通的类有什么区别

首先思考:如何在不使用枚举类型的前提下,表示黄钻和绿钻两种类型

class TypeDiamond():
        yellow = 1
        green = 2
#或者
a = {'yellow':1,'green':2}

缺陷:
(1)上面两种都是可变的,在代码里都可以轻易改变他们的值
(2)没有防止相同标签的功能
例如:
a['yellow'] = 3 可以轻易的被更改值
a = {'yellow':1,'green':1} 无法防止有相同的值
枚举类型的使用方法如下:

from enum import Enum

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2

print(VIP.GREEN)
==>
VIP.GREEN

给枚举标签赋新的值会报错

from enum import Enum

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2

VIP.GREEN = 5
==>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".\c7.py", line 8, in 
    VIP.GREEN = 5
  File "C:\Users\ZouHan\Anaconda3\lib\enum.py", line 386, in __setattr__
    raise AttributeError('Cannot reassign members.')
AttributeError: Cannot reassign members.

3.如何获取枚举类型标签的各类信息

(1)获取标签的值

print(VIP.YELLOW.value)
==>
1

(2)获取标签的名字

print(VIP.YELLOW.name)
==>
YELLOW

(3)print(VIP.YELLOW)有什么区别?

print(type(VIP.YELLOW.name))
print(type(VIP.YELLOW))
==>


VIP.YELLOW.name的类型是个字符串,而VIP.YELLOW的类型是个枚举类型
(4)如何通过枚举类型的标签名获得枚举类型

print(VIP['GREEN']) 
==>
VIP.GREEN

(5)使用数值来访问枚举类型的方式

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    BLACK = 2
    GREEN = 3
    RED = 4
a = 1
print(VIP(a))
==> 
VIP.YELLOW

枚举类型、枚举的名字和枚举的值这三个概念要区分清楚

4.遍历枚举类型

from enum import Enum

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

for v in VIP:
    print(v)
==>
VIP.YELLOW
VIP.GREEN
VIP.BLACK
VIP.RED

5.枚举之间的比较

两个枚举之间是可以进行等值比较的

result = VIP.GREEN == VIP.YELLOW    
print(result)
==>
False
result = VIP.GREEN == VIP.GREEN 
print(result)
==>
True
result = VIP.GREEN == '2'
print(result)
==>
False
result = VIP.GREEN > VIP.YELLOW
print(result)
==>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".\c7.py", line 20, in 
    result = VIP.GREEN > VIP.YELLOW
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'VIP' and 'VIP'
#会报错,说明不能进行大小比较
result = VIP.GREEN is VIP.GREEN
print(result)
==>
True
from enum import Enum

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

class VIP1(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

result = VIP.GREEN == VIP1.GREEN
print(result)
==>
False
#因为两个GREEN虽然值相同,但他们属于两个不同的枚举类型,所以肯定不等值

6.枚举类型标签名不可重复

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    BLACK = 1
    GREEN = 3
    RED = 4 
#可以有两个类型的值相同,但是BLACK相当于YELLOW的别名,不能够成为一个独立的枚举类型
print(VIP.BLACK)
==>
VIP.YELLOW

for v in VIP:
    print(v)
==>
VIP.YELLOW
VIP.GREEN
VIP.RED
#别名不会打印出来

那么有没有办法把别名也打印出来么?

for v in VIP.__members__.items():
    print(v)
==>
('YELLOW', )
('BLACK', )
('GREEN', )
('RED', )
-----------------------------------------------------
for v in VIP.__members__:
    print(v)
==>
YELLOW
BLACK
GREEN
RED

7.上面的枚举类型 YELLOW = '1'也可以

但是如果继承了IntEnum:

from enum import IntEnum
class VIP(IntEnum):
    YELLOW = 1
    BLACK = '2'    # 会报错,因为必须为int类型
    GREEN = 3
    RED = 4

之前两个枚举类型标签的值相同不会报错

class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    BLACK = 1
    GREEN = 3
    RED = 4 
#不会报错,如果想让它报错,可以用unique装饰器
from enum import IntEnum,unique
@unique
class VIP(IntEnum):
    YELLOW = 1
    BLACK = 1
    GREEN = 3
    RED = 4

枚举是单例的形式实现的,是不能实例化的(需了解一下23种设计模式之单例模式)

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