golang sqlx用法笔记

在上一篇文章中吐槽了golang 数据库查询接口(https://mp.csdn.net/postedit/80799266),后来在网上找到了sqlx这个第三方库,用起来确实爽多了,这里记录下学习和用法的心得

  • 安装:

使用命令即可

go get github.com/jmoiron/sqlx
  • 介绍:

官方的介绍如下:

sqlx is a library which provides a set of extensions on go's standard database/sql library. 
The sqlx versions of sql.DB, sql.TX, sql.Stmt, et al. all leave the underlying interfaces untouched, 
so that their interfaces are a superset on the standard ones. 
This makes it relatively painless to integrate existing codebases using database/sql with sqlx.

Major additional concepts are:

Marshal rows into structs (with embedded struct support), maps, and slices
Named parameter support including prepared statements
Get and Select to go quickly from query to struct/slice
In addition to the godoc API documentation, there is also some standard documentation that explains 
how to use database/sql along with sqlx.

大意就是sqlx是golang 标准database/sql的扩展,使用sqlx的接口跟原先的接口方法没什么两样,但有如下扩展:

1.可将行记录映射如struct(内嵌struct也支持),map与slices          <--这正是我之前想要的效果

2.支持在preprared statement 中使用命名参数

3.Get 和Select的查询结果到struct/slice更快速

sqlx也增加了许多接口,方便开发者使用,后面会讲到。

  • 使用:

还是上篇文章的案例,不过,这次插入数据交给go代码来实现,便于说明sqlx方法的使用,go代码如下

package main

import (
	"database/sql"
	_"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
	"log"
	"fmt"
)

type Student struct {
	Id         int    `db:"id"`
	Name       string `db:"name"`
	Nick       string `db:"nick"`
	Country    string `db:"country"`
	Province   string `db:"province"`
	City       string `db:"city"`
	ImgUrl     string `db:"img_url"`
	Status     int    `db:"status"`
	CreateTime string `db:"create_time"`
}

func main()  {
	dns := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@tcp(%s)/%s?charset=utf8", dbuser, dbpwd, dbhost, dbname)
	db, err := sqlx.Connect("mysql", dns)
	if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
	}
	defer db.Close()

	tx := db.MustBegin()
	tx.MustExec(`INSERT INTO student VALUES ('1', 'Jack', 'Jack', 'England', '', '', 'http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg', '1', '2018-06-26 17:08:35');`)
	tx.MustExec(`INSERT INTO student VALUES ('2', 'Emily', 'Emily', 'England', '', '', 'http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg', '2', null);`)
	err = tx.Commit()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}

}

生成数据表的代码如下:

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(64) NOT NULL,
  `nick` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
  `country` varchar(128) DEFAULT NULL,
  `province` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
  `city` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
  `img_url` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `create_time` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

sqlx.Connect("mysql", dns)内部实现了Open()和Ping(),因此调用Connect()方法后,则可直接使用该对象进行数据库操作,这里开启一个事务,插入2条数据,代码运行非常成功。假如把插入的第二条语句修改为:

tx.MustExec(`INSERT INTO student VALUES ('2', null, 'Emily', 'England', '', '', 'http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg', '2', null);`)

运行程序报

panic: Error 1048: Column 'name' cannot be null

再看数据表中没有插入数据,表明事务没有被提交。这些方法用起来感觉还是好多了!这里的方法名中的Must应当是multi-statement的缩写,而不是英文must(必须)的意思。

tx.MustExec()函数也可以带参数,跟其他语言的语法很像,比如:

tx.MustExec(`INSERT INTO student (id, name, nick, country, province, city, img_url, status) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?);`, "3", "Jobs", "Jobs", "America", "", "", "http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg", "3")

也可使用命名参数,然后直接传一个struct对象进去:

	s := Student {
		Id : 4,
		Name : "Cook", 
		Nick : "Cook",
		Country : "America",
		Province : "", 
		City : "",
		ImgUrl : "http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg",
		Status : 1,
	}

	_, err = tx.NamedExec(`INSERT INTO student VALUES (:id, :name, :nick, :country, :province, :city, :img_url, :status, :create_time);`, s)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}

这里的命名参数需要跟struct的tag对应,假如把字段Name的tag修改为:`db:"username"`,运行时报错:

ould not find name name in main.Student{Id:4, Name:"Cook", Nick:"Cook", Country:"America", Province:"", City:"", ImgUrl:"http://img2.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3588772980,2454248748&fm=27&gp=0.jpg", Status:1, CreateTime:sql.NullString{String:"", Valid:false}}

现在,我要查询数据了,按条件查询一条记录:

	var s Student
	err = db.Get(&s, "SELECT * FROM student WHERE name=?", "Cook")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}

	fmt.Println(s)

程序运行正常,这样使用实在太方便不过了,现在我要查询多条记录:

	var stds [] Student
	db.Select(&stds, "SELECT * FROM student")

	for i, v := range stds {
		fmt.Printf("%d--->%v\n", i+1, v)
	}

发现只打印了一条记录,怎么回事?加上错误打印看看:

	var stds [] Student
	err = db.Select(&stds, "SELECT * FROM student")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}

	for i, v := range stds {
		fmt.Printf("%d--->%v\n", i+1, v)
	}

运行时报:

sql: Scan error on column index 8: unsupported Scan, storing driver.Value type  into type *string

大意是,在Scan index为8即第9个字段时出错(索引从0开始计算),不支持的Scan,数据库字段为nil转为 *string时出错。仔细想想,在插入记录时,只有第一条记录的create_time字段是有值的,其他都是默认为NULL,数据库也是设计为可空的,再查看官方使用示例时,也提到:

if you have null fields and use SELECT *, you must use sql.Null* in your struct

即如果你有null字段且使用SELECT *,你的结构体定义中,字段需使用类型sql.Null*,create_time是字符串,所以需定义为sql.NullString,另外还有其他类型:sql.NullBool、sql.NullFloat64、sql.NullInt64。赶紧屁颠屁颠把Student的struct修改如下:

type Student struct {
	Id         int    `db:"id"`
	Name       string `db:"name"`
	Nick       sql.NullString `db:"nick"`
	Country    sql.NullString `db:"country"`
	Province   sql.NullString `db:"province"`
	City       sql.NullString `db:"city"`
	ImgUrl     sql.NullString `db:"img_url"`
	Status     sql.NullInt64  `db:"status"`
	CreateTime sql.NullString `db:"create_time"`
}

由于name字段在设计时,是不可空的,所以这里仍然定义为string类型。

现在程序能正常运行,打印4条记录了。

也可以使用Queryx把行数据查询出来,然后再Scan到struct中:

	rows, err := db.Queryx("SELECT * FROM student")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		panic(err)
	}

	for rows.Next() {
		var stu Student
		err := rows.StructScan(&stu)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalln(err)
		}

		fmt.Println(stu)
	}

相对来说,还是Select简洁得多了。

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