Procrastination
1. Biological perspective, Rene Descartes: the brain, nervous system, endocrine sys/hormones, genes
Procrastination may result from a certain type of brain chemistry, which could be inherited. While biological psychologists don't deny the value of other perspectives on mind and behavior, they aim to learn as much as possible about the physical underpinnings of psychological processes.
2. Cognitive perspective, Wihelm Wundt: a person's unique pattern of perceptions, interpretations, expectations, beliefs, memories
First, cognitive psychologists might point out that procrastinators ofter underestimate how long a project might take illustrating the role of cognitive expectations in our behavior patterns. Also, procrastinators may be victims of confirmation bias if they remember the times they previously procrastinated yet completed a project on time, while forgetting the deadlines they missed. Finally, people who put things off until the last minute may not interpret their behavior as a problem - perhaps they tell themselves they do their best work under pressure. In all these ways, cognitive psychology sheds light on the internal thinking processes that influence procrastination and other human behaviors.
3. Behavioral perspective, John Watson: the stimuli in our environment, the previous consequences of our behaviors
Consider the rewards reaped from putting off something you don't wan to do: Instead of the dreaded work, you likely spend the time doing something you enjoy, which is instantly gratifying. Then, when you tackle the problem at the last minute, you get rewarded by the feeling of success when you manage to pull it off and get it done just in the nick of time!
4. Whole-person perspective
psychodynamic, Sigmund Freud「processes in our unconscious mind」: psychoanalysts might interpret a person's pattern of self-defeating behavior — such as procrastination — as motivated by an unconscious fear of failure.
humanistic, Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow「our innate needs to grow, to fulfill our best possible potential」: your self-concept and self-esteem have a huge influence on your thoughts, emotions and actions, all of which ultimately impact development of your potential.
trait and temperament, ancient Greeks「unique personality characteristics that are consistent over time and across situation」: might explain procrastination in terms of the extent to which a person possesses the trait of conscientiousness.
5. Developmental perspective, Mary Ainsworth: the interaction of heredity and environment, which unfolds in predictable patterns through the lifespan
developmental psychologists might not be surprised by the teen who procrastinates. On the contrary, they may see it as normal behavior at that age, given that teens are still learning how to juggle multiple responsibilities and accurately estimate how long things take to complete — all while simultaneously coping with their changing bodies and social worlds.
6. Sociocultural perspective, Stanley Milgram: the power of the situation. social and cultural influences can overpower the influence of all other factors in determining behavior.
the social and cultural situation in which the person is embedded can sometimes overpower all other factors that influence behavior. For example, certain cultures place greater emphasis on meeting deadlines, which would in turn influence the behavior of an individual in that culture.