Tomcat在SpringBoot中是如何启动的

前言

我们知道SpringBoot给我们带来了一个全新的开发体验,我们可以直接把web程序达成jar包,直接启动,这就得益于SpringBoot内置了容器,可以直接启动,本文将以Tomcat为例,来看看SpringBoot是如何启动Tomcat的,同时也将展开学习下Tomcat的源码,了解Tomcat的设计。

从 Main 方法说起

用过SpringBoot的人都知道,首先要写一个main方法来启动

@SpringBootApplication
public class TomcatdebugApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(TomcatdebugApplication.class, args);
    }

}

我们直接点击run方法的源码,跟踪下来,发下最终 的run方法是调用ConfigurableApplicationContext方法,源码如下:

public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
        stopWatch.start();
        ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
        Collection exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();
        //设置系统属性『java.awt.headless』,为true则启用headless模式支持
        configureHeadlessProperty();
        //通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,
       //找到声明的所有SpringApplicationRunListener的实现类并将其实例化,
       //之后逐个调用其started()方法,广播SpringBoot要开始执行了
        SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
        //发布应用开始启动事件
        listeners.starting();
        try {
        //初始化参数
            ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
            //创建并配置当前SpringBoot应用将要使用的Environment(包括配置要使用的PropertySource以及Profile),
        //并遍历调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的environmentPrepared()方法,广播Environment准备完毕。
            ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
            configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
            //打印banner
            Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
            //创建应用上下文
            context = createApplicationContext();
            //通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,获取并实例化异常分析器
            exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
                    new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
            //为ApplicationContext加载environment,之后逐个执行ApplicationContextInitializer的initialize()方法来进一步封装ApplicationContext,
        //并调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的contextPrepared()方法,【EventPublishingRunListener只提供了一个空的contextPrepared()方法】,
        //之后初始化IoC容器,并调用SpringApplicationRunListener的contextLoaded()方法,广播ApplicationContext的IoC加载完成,
        //这里就包括通过**@EnableAutoConfiguration**导入的各种自动配置类。
            prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
            //刷新上下文
            refreshContext(context);
            //再一次刷新上下文,其实是空方法,可能是为了后续扩展。
            afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
            stopWatch.stop();
            if (this.logStartupInfo) {
                new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
            }
            //发布应用已经启动的事件
            listeners.started(context);
            //遍历所有注册的ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner,并执行其run()方法。
        //我们可以实现自己的ApplicationRunner或者CommandLineRunner,来对SpringBoot的启动过程进行扩展。
            callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
            throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
        }

        try {
        //应用已经启动完成的监听事件
            listeners.running(context);
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
            throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
        }
        return context;
    }

其实这个方法我们可以简单的总结下步骤为

  • 配置属性
  • 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
  • 初始化输入参数
  • 配置环境,输出banner
  • 创建上下文
  • 预处理上下文
  • 刷新上下文
  • 再刷新上下文
  • 发布应用已经启动事件
  • 发布应用启动完成事件

其实上面这段代码,如果只要分析tomcat内容的话,只需要关注两个内容即可,上下文是如何创建的,上下文是如何刷新的,分别对应的方法就是createApplicationContext() 和refreshContext(context),接下来我们来看看这两个方法做了什么。

protected ConfigurableApplicationContext createApplicationContext() {
        Class contextClass = this.applicationContextClass;
        if (contextClass == null) {
            try {
                switch (this.webApplicationType) {
                case SERVLET:
                    contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                    break;
                case REACTIVE:
                    contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_REACTIVE_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                    break;
                default:
                    contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                }
            }
            catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                        "Unable create a default ApplicationContext, " + "please specify an ApplicationContextClass",
                        ex);
            }
        }
        return (ConfigurableApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
    }

这里就是根据我们的webApplicationType 来判断创建哪种类型的Servlet,代码中分别对应着Web类型(SERVLET),响应式Web类型(REACTIVE),非Web类型(default),我们建立的是Web类型,所以肯定实例化
DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS指定的类,也就是AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext类,我们来用图来说明下这个类的关系


image

通过这个类图我们可以知道,这个类继承的是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,这就是我们真正的主角,而这个类最终是继承了AbstractApplicationContext,了解完创建上下文的情况后,我们再来看看刷新上下文,相关代码如下:

//类:SpringApplication.java

private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
    //直接调用刷新方法
        refresh(context);
        if (this.registerShutdownHook) {
            try {
                context.registerShutdownHook();
            }
            catch (AccessControlException ex) {
                // Not allowed in some environments.
            }
        }
    }
//类:SpringApplication.java

protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
        Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);
        ((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();
    }

这里还是直接传递调用本类的refresh(context)方法,最后是强转成父类AbstractApplicationContext调用其refresh()方法,该代码如下:

// 类:AbstractApplicationContext 
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
        synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
            // Prepare this context for refreshing.
            prepareRefresh();

            // Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
            ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();

            // Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
            prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);

            try {
                // Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
                postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);

                // Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
                invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);

                // Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
                registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);

                // Initialize message source for this context.
                initMessageSource();

                // Initialize event multicaster for this context.
                initApplicationEventMulticaster();

                // Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.这里的意思就是调用各个子类的onRefresh()
                onRefresh();

                // Check for listener beans and register them.
                registerListeners();

                // Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
                finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);

                // Last step: publish corresponding event.
                finishRefresh();
            }

            catch (BeansException ex) {
                if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
                    logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
                            "cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
                }

                // Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
                destroyBeans();

                // Reset 'active' flag.
                cancelRefresh(ex);

                // Propagate exception to caller.
                throw ex;
            }

            finally {
                // Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
                // might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
                resetCommonCaches();
            }
        }
    }

这里我们看到onRefresh()方法是调用其子类的实现,根据我们上文的分析,我们这里的子类是ServletWebServerApplicationContext。

//类:ServletWebServerApplicationContext
protected void onRefresh() {
        super.onRefresh();
        try {
            createWebServer();
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
        }
    }
    
private void createWebServer() {
        WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
        ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
        if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
            ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
            this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
        }
        else if (servletContext != null) {
            try {
                getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
            }
            catch (ServletException ex) {
                throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
            }
        }
        initPropertySources();
    }

image
    @Override
    public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
        Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
        File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
        tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
        Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
        tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
        customizeConnector(connector);
        tomcat.setConnector(connector);
        tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
        configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
        for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
            tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
        }
        prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
        return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
    }

根据上面的代码,我们发现其主要做了两件事情,第一件事就是把Connnctor(我们称之为连接器)对象添加到Tomcat中,第二件事就是configureEngine,这连接器我们勉强能理解(不理解后面会述说),那这个Engine是什么呢?我们查看tomcat.getEngine()的源码:

    public Engine getEngine() {
        Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
        if (service.getContainer() != null) {
            return service.getContainer();
        }
        Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
        engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
        engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
        engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
        service.setContainer(engine);
        return engine;
    }
image

上图中,我们看到了4个子接口,分别是Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper。我们从继承关系上可以知道他们都是容器,那么他们到底有啥区别呢?我看看他们的注释是怎么说的。

 /**
 If used, an Engine is always the top level Container in a Catalina
 * hierarchy. Therefore, the implementation's setParent() method
 * should throw IllegalArgumentException.
 *
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 */
public interface Engine extends Container {
    //省略代码
}
/**
 * 

* The parent Container attached to a Host is generally an Engine, but may * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary. *

* The child containers attached to a Host are generally implementations * of Context (representing an individual servlet context). * * @author Craig R. McClanahan */ public interface Host extends Container { //省略代码 } /***

* The parent Container attached to a Context is generally a Host, but may * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary. *

* The child containers attached to a Context are generally implementations * of Wrapper (representing individual servlet definitions). *

* * @author Craig R. McClanahan */ public interface Context extends Container, ContextBind { //省略代码 } /**

* The parent Container attached to a Wrapper will generally be an * implementation of Context, representing the servlet context (and * therefore the web application) within which this servlet executes. *

* Child Containers are not allowed on Wrapper implementations, so the * addChild() method should throw an * IllegalArgumentException. * * @author Craig R. McClanahan */ public interface Wrapper extends Container { //省略代码 }

上面的注释翻译过来就是,Engine是最高级别的容器,其子容器是Host,Host的子容器是Context,Wrapper是Context的子容器,所以这4个容器的关系就是父子关系,也就是Engine>Host>Context>Wrapper。
我们再看看Tomcat类的源码:

//部分源码,其余部分省略。
public class Tomcat {
//设置连接器
     public void setConnector(Connector connector) {
        Service service = getService();
        boolean found = false;
        for (Connector serviceConnector : service.findConnectors()) {
            if (connector == serviceConnector) {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        if (!found) {
            service.addConnector(connector);
        }
    }
    //获取service
       public Service getService() {
        return getServer().findServices()[0];
    }
    //设置Host容器
     public void setHost(Host host) {
        Engine engine = getEngine();
        boolean found = false;
        for (Container engineHost : engine.findChildren()) {
            if (engineHost == host) {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        if (!found) {
            engine.addChild(host);
        }
    }
    //获取Engine容器
     public Engine getEngine() {
        Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
        if (service.getContainer() != null) {
            return service.getContainer();
        }
        Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
        engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
        engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
        engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
        service.setContainer(engine);
        return engine;
    }
    //获取server
       public Server getServer() {

        if (server != null) {
            return server;
        }

        System.setProperty("catalina.useNaming", "false");

        server = new StandardServer();

        initBaseDir();

        // Set configuration source
        ConfigFileLoader.setSource(new CatalinaBaseConfigurationSource(new File(basedir), null));

        server.setPort( -1 );

        Service service = new StandardService();
        service.setName("Tomcat");
        server.addService(service);
        return server;
    }
    
    //添加Context容器
      public Context addContext(Host host, String contextPath, String contextName,
            String dir) {
        silence(host, contextName);
        Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath);
        ctx.setName(contextName);
        ctx.setPath(contextPath);
        ctx.setDocBase(dir);
        ctx.addLifecycleListener(new FixContextListener());

        if (host == null) {
            getHost().addChild(ctx);
        } else {
            host.addChild(ctx);
        }
        
    //添加Wrapper容器
         public static Wrapper addServlet(Context ctx,
                                      String servletName,
                                      Servlet servlet) {
        // will do class for name and set init params
        Wrapper sw = new ExistingStandardWrapper(servlet);
        sw.setName(servletName);
        ctx.addChild(sw);

        return sw;
    }
    
}

阅读Tomcat的getServer()我们可以知道,Tomcat的最顶层是Server,Server就是Tomcat的实例,一个Tomcat一个Server;通过getEngine()我们可以了解到Server下面是Service,而且是多个,一个Service代表我们部署的一个应用,而且我们还可以知道,Engine容器,一个service只有一个;根据父子关系,我们看setHost()源码可以知道,host容器有多个;同理,我们发现addContext()源码下,Context也是多个;addServlet()表明Wrapper容器也是多个,而且这段代码也暗示了,其实Wrapper和Servlet是一层意思。另外我们根据setConnector源码可以知道,连接器(Connector)是设置在service下的,而且是可以设置多个连接器(Connector)。
根据上面分析,我们可以小结下:
Tomcat主要包含了2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),用图表示如下:

image

一个Tomcat是一个Server,一个Server下有多个service,也就是我们部署的多个应用,一个应用下有多个连接器(Connector)和一个容器(Container),容器下有多个子容器,关系用图表示如下:


在这里插入图片描述

Engine下有多个Host子容器,Host下有多个Context子容器,Context下有多个Wrapper子容器。

总结

SpringBoot的启动是通过new SpringApplication()实例来启动的,启动过程主要做如下几件事情:

  • 配置属性
  • 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
  • 初始化输入参数
  • 配置环境,输出banner
  • 创建上下文
  • 预处理上下文
  • 刷新上下文
  • 再刷新上下文
  • 发布应用已经启动事件
  • 发布应用启动完成事件

而启动Tomcat就是在第7步中“刷新上下文”;Tomcat的启动主要是初始化2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),一个Tomcat实例就是一个Server,一个Server包含多个Service,也就是多个应用程序,每个Service包含多个连接器(Connetor)和一个容器(Container),而容器下又有多个子容器,按照父子关系分别为:Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,其中除了Engine外,其余的容器都是可以有多个。

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