实用应用写作
1. 句子类型判定
2. 句型相互转化
3. 改错
1. Complete sentences and sentence fragments
It was rainning hard, they could not work in the fields.
Improved:
①It was rainning hard; they could not work in the fields.
②It was rainning hard. They could not work in the fields.
③It was rainning so hard that hey could not work in the fields.
④They could not work in the fields because it was rainning so hard.
⑤As it was rainning hard, they could not work in the fields.
2. Types of sentences
①The Simple Sentence简单句: 只有一个谓语结构的句子。
Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor. (simple sentence)
Answer: Your rich uncle married my poor aunt.
把三个简单句合并成一个简单句，把后面两个句子的谓语部分去掉，只剩下形容词。
②The Compound Sentences并列句: 由两个或两个以上的简单句组合而成，通常由逗号加上并列连词。(and, so, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither...nor, not only...but also, either...or)
Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester. (compound sentence)
Answer: Jerry is smart, so he should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.
由两个或两个以上的简单句组合而成，通常由逗号加上并列连词
③The Complex Sentences复合句: 一个简单句加上由从属连词连接的另一个句子。从属连词指的是除并列连词之外的连词。
Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly. (complex sentence)
Answer: The charcoal was burning evenly, because Mary put the steak on the grill.
把两个简单句合并成一个复合句
④The Compound-Complex Sentences 并列复合句: 一个或一个以上的简单句加上一个或一个以上的复合句。
I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course. (compound-complex sentence)
Answer: When I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.
⑤The Periodic Sentence掉尾句: 中心意思出现在句尾的句子成为掉尾句，修饰语放在句前。(次要信息在前，主要信息在后，使句子的重心置于句尾。)
修饰语指的是词组(如介词词组，分词词组)，状语从句(时间，地点，原因)，或其他不定式结构等。
Loose Sentences松散句: 将句子中新置于句首，使主要信息一目了然。(与掉尾句相反)
Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes. (periodic sentence)
Answer: When you finish doing the dishes, meet me in the courtyard for dessert.
⑥The Short and Long Sentence长短句: 短句显得简练，有力量，但句子太短也会影响写作的流畅性。长句可以将比较复杂的思维逻辑表达清楚。可以利用连词，包括从属连词，将短句连接到一起。
3.Common Errors常见结构错误
①Run-on Sentence 串句/不间断句子
误将两个句子串在一起的句子，有的用逗号隔开，有的没有标点符号。
方法:
1.将其分成两个句子。
2.用连词连接两个句子。
3.用分号连接两个句子。
There are many ways /we get to know the outside world.
此句包含两个完整的意思，简单的合在一起不妥当。
修改为:
There are many ways through which we get to know the outside world.
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
②Fragmentary Sentence 破句/句子不完整
破句式串句的另一个极端，即把句子的一部分当成一个句子。任何句子都必须包含一个主语和谓语并且要包含完整的意思。如果缺少其中一个，就会变成破句。
常见的破句:
1.从属连词引出的破句。(after, unless, even though, even if, since, before, when, whenvever, because, if, while, who, as, which, although, though, so, where, until, that)
从属连词不能单独引导独立的句子，他们引导的句子必须要依靠另一个主句。
修改时，使其与前面或后面的句子相结合，使其从属于某一个主句。
2.ing分词和不定式引起的破句。
修改时
/将ing分词融合到相邻的句子中。
/为其加上一个主语，将ing变成动词的某种形式。
3.增加细节引起的破句。
这样的破句，缺少主语或动词，经常由下面的词引导出来，for example, also, except, such as, including, especially
修改时，给破句加上主语和动词。
4.缺少主语引起的破句。
改正方法是将破句与前句结合或增加一个主语。
③Faulty Parallelism错误平行结构
平行结构是指把两个或两个以上的意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。
如果意思上并列的成分用不同的的语法形式来表达，就破坏了平行结构。
平行结构可以是单词，词组，从句，也可以是句子。
1.不要使用and who/and which结构
2.一些成对连词，如 either...or, neither...nor, both...and...要连接语法一致的成分。
3.than和as引导的比较句。
是比较的东西或思想在逻辑上和语法上要一致。
④ Misplaced Modifiers错置修饰语:由于修饰语的位置不正确而导致的句子错误。
改正的方法是将修饰语和被修饰词靠近。
⑤Dangling Modifiers垂悬修饰语
即修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上修饰的对象。
常见的有五种:
垂悬分词/垂悬动名词/垂悬不定式/垂悬介词/垂悬省略句。
修改方法:
1.明确动作的实施者，是主语成为垂悬部分修饰的对象。
2.将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。
e.g. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
句中不定式的逻辑主语不清楚。
改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
第一周笔记，仅供参考交流学习之用。