TED Talk How we read each other's minds? 我们如何解读他人的想法？ Speaker: Rebecca Saxe 第四课
So that's good, but of course what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgment. 这虽然很好，但是当然 我们期望有某种接口 能够调用到大脑的区域 然后看看是否能改变人们的道德观判断
And we do have such a tool. It's called Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS. 我们实现了这样一种工具 成为“颅磁刺激” 或者 TMS
This is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull, into a small region of their brain, and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region. 这个工具能让我们传递一个脉冲磁感应 以穿透头骨抵达到他们的脑区域 临时的扰乱这些区域的脑神经元
So I'm going to show you a demo of this. First, I'm going to show you that this is a magnetic pulse. I'm going to show you what happens when you put a quarter on the machine. When you hear clicks, we're turning the machine on. So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain, to the part of my brain that controls my hand. So there is no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.
下来给大家播放下这个东西的演示视频 第一个演示的是一个磁感脉冲 给大家看下当你放入1/4机器时候有什么发生 当你听到点击时候我们就把机器打开 然后我接着把这个脉冲用到我的大脑 这部分脑区域控制我的手 这里没有物理上的强迫，仅仅是磁场的脉冲
Woman (Video): Ready, Rebecca? RS: Yes.
视频女：准备好没？好的
Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain. 好的。把这个磁感应脉冲放到我的大脑上 它稍微的引起了我的手下意识的反应
And we can use that same pulse, now applied to the RTPJ, to ask if we can change people's moral judgments. 同时我们可以使用相同的脉冲 应用到RTPJ 去尝试下我们是否能改变人们的道德判断
So these are the judgments I showed you before, people's normal moral judgments. 正如之前我给你们看到的人们做的道德判断
And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJand ask how people's judgments change. 现在我把TMS应用到RTPJ上 然后迫使改变人们的观念的判断
And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall. 结果第一个是，人们依然可以完全的做原来的判断
对照： automatic 自发的 involuntary 无意识的 attentive留意的 spontenous自发的 delibrate故意的
So their judgments of the case when everything was fine remain the same. They say she deserves no blame. But in the case of a failed attempt to harm, where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar, people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee.
因此当一切是正常时候，对于这个案例 的判断完全一致。他们认为她不应该受到惩罚 但在企图伤害的案例中 也就是葛瑞丝认为是毒药，尽管他真正是糖的时候 大家马上就说很好，葛瑞丝 把这粉末放到了咖啡应该受些许惩罚
And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar, but it was really poison and so she caused a death, people say that it was less okay, she deserves more blame. So what I've told you today is that people come, actually, especially well equipped to think about other people's thoughts.
而在那个事故的案例中，也就是葛瑞丝认为是糖 但实际却是毒药最后导致死亡时 更少的人同意，认为她应该受到更多的惩罚 那么我今天要告诉大家的是 未来的人类，真正的拥有一个设备 去思考其他人的想法。
We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking. 【跟读】 我们有这样一个特殊的脑系统，可以使得我们去思考其他人的想法。
This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence. And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.
这个系统需要漫长的时间去实现 遍及整个幼年时期也包括早期的青春期 而且即使在成人阶段，在不同的脑区域能够解释成人之间 如何去思考和判断其他人想法的区别
But I want to give the last word back to the novelists, and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying, "The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. It's getting them wrong that is living. Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong, and then on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again." Thank you.
我想在最后结束前引用前面提到的小说家，也就是菲利普·罗斯说过的话作为结束。
【选择】-Why does Saxe quote Philip Roth's remarks again at the end of the speech? -to tie the ending of the speech to the beginning.
【词义】To interfere with sth. means... to get in the way of it.
interfere vi. 干涉；妨碍；打扰vt. 冲突；介入
【引用】 The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. It’s getting them wrong that is living, getting them wrong and wrong and wrong and then, on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again. That’s how we know we’re alive: we’re wrong. Maybe the best thing would be to forget being right or wrong about people and just go along for the ride. But if you can do that — well, lucky you. —— Philip Roth 美国牧歌（ American Pastoral “美国三部曲”之一）1997年
生活就是误解，不断地误解、误解、再误解，深思熟虑后还是误解。就这样我们懂得自己的存在：我们错了。可能最好是忘掉有关他人的对与错，一切顺其自然。若能做到这一点——好吧，你就算幸运了。
菲利普·罗斯（Philip Roth，1933年3月19日—2018年5月22日），美国作家。出生于美国新泽西州纽瓦克市，1954年毕业于宾夕法尼亚州巴克内尔大学。
【跟读】She conducts the experiment to see if it's possible to change people's moral judgments.
Chris Anderson: So, I have a question. When you start talking about using magnetic pulses to change people's moral judgments, that sounds alarming. 你们是从什么时候开始讨论用 磁场脉冲去改变人们的观念的判断呢？ 这玩意听起来吓人
Please tell me that you're not taking phone calls from the Pentagon, say. 告诉我你没有收到过五角大楼的电话吧？
RS: I'm not. I mean, they're calling, but I'm not taking the call. 丽贝卡.萨克斯：这到没有 我的意思是他们打过了，但我没有去接
CA: They really are calling? So then seriously, you must lie awake at night sometimeswondering where this work leads. I mean, you're clearly an incredible human being,but someone could take this knowledge and in some future not-torture chamber, do acts that people here might be worried about.他们真的打了？ 那我严肃的问你 你一定有段时间睡不着 不知道这个研究导致什么结果我指的是虽然我们完全相信你 但将来可能会有些人 利用这些知识 进行审问 这才是我们现场所有人所担心的
RS: Yeah, we worry about this. So, there's a couple of things to say about TMS. One is that you can't be TMSed without knowing it. So it's not a surreptitious technology.It's quite hard, actually, to get those very small changes. The changes I showed you are impressive to me because of what they tell us about the function of the brain, but they're small on the scale of the moral judgments that we actually make.
是的，我们也担心这个 所以有很多关于TMS的需要说明下 第一个是你不能对不知情的人使用TMS 因为它不是一项暗中使用的技术 即使是很小的一些改变也是很难的 刚才给你看的那些变化也让我挺难忘的 因为它告诉了我们大脑的功能是什么 虽然我们用来做道德判但的脑区域很小 但我们就是用它来判断的
And what we changed was not people's moral judgments when they're deciding what to do, when they're making action choices. We changed their ability to judge other people's actions. And so, I think of what I'm doing not so much as studying the defendant in a criminal trial, but studying the jury.而我们所能改变的不是人们 在做决定时候的道德观念的判断 也不是影响他们做选择时候的决定 我们改变只是如何去思考别人时候的判断 所以我认为我在做的不是 针对被告 而是针对陪审团
CA: Is your work going to lead to any recommendations in education, to perhaps bring up a generation of kids able to make fairer moral judgments?你的研究工作是否会带到 教育领域， 比如让下一代的孩子做出更加公平的道德判断呢？
RS: That's one of the idealistic hopes. The whole research program here of studyingthe distinctive parts of the human brain is brand new. Until recently, what we knew about the brain were the things that any other animal's brain could do too, so we could study it in animal models. We knew how brains see, and how they control the body and how they hear and sense. And the whole project of understanding how brains do the uniquely human things -- learn language and abstract concepts, and thinking about other people's thoughts -- that's brand new. And we don't know yet what the implications will be of understanding it.
这是一个比较理想的结果 目前整个研究阶段 是针对比较脑力发达的人，这是一个崭新的领域 到目前为止我们所了解的大脑 在其它动物身上一样可以适用 所以我们可以研究动物的模型 我们要知道大脑看到的是什么，它是如何去控制身体的 还有他们所听到的、感觉到的 整个项目需要搞明白的是 人类的大脑为什么是如此特别，能够 学习语言、学习抽象的概念 还能够去思考其他人的想法，这就是一个新的领域 还有目前我们所不知道，如果研究出这些 将会有什么影响
CA: So I've got one last question. There is this thing called the hard problem of consciousness, that puzzles a lot of people. The notion that you can understand why a brain works, perhaps. But why does anyone have to feel anything? Why does it seem to require these beings who sense things for us to operate? You're a brilliant young neuroscientist. I mean, what chances do you think there are that at some time in your career, someone, you or someone else, is going to come up with some paradigm shift in understanding what seems an impossible problem?
好的，那我再问我最后一个问题。那个被称为 意识的难题 也难倒了很多人 正如你提到的，如果你能够 搞懂大脑的工作原理 但为什么人要感知所有的事情？ 我们为什么要去控制人类这些 感知行为呢？ 你作为一个年轻有为的神经系统科学家 我的意思是，你认为在你的 研究生涯中的某刻 一些人，你或者其他的人 是否会带来根本性的成果 能够研究出这个看起来不肯能的难题
RS: I hope they do. And I think they probably won't.我希望他们能做到。但我认为他们可能实现不了
CA: Why? 为什么？
RS: It's not called the hard problem of consciousness for nothing. 那说的那个叫做意识的难题根本不存在。
CA: That's a great answer. Rebecca Saxe, thank you very much. That was fantastic. 真是精彩的回答。 Rebecca Saxe谢谢你，非常的精彩。