Oracle常用语句

一、ORACLE的启动和关闭
1、在单机环境下 su - oracle
启动关闭oracle数据库命令:
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL> connect / as sysdba
SQL> startup
SQL> shutdown immediate
 
Oracle数据库有以下几种启动方式:
1、startup nomount
非安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库
读取init.ora文件,启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。
 
2、startup mount dbname
安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:
数据库日志归档、
数据库介质恢复、
使数据文件联机或脱机,
重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。
执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件,确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置,
但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。
 
3、startup open dbname
先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件,
这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。
 
4、startup,等于以下三个命令
startup nomount
alter database mount
alter database open

5、startup restrict
约束方式启动
这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问
非特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示:
ERROR:
ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用

6、startup force
强制启动方式
当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭
先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令

7、startup pfile=参数文件名
带初始化参数文件的启动方式
先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库
例:startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora

8、startup EXCLUSIVE

二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典
ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一,它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化,
体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。
数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。
我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。
很多时候,一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。
dictionary 全部数据字典表的名称和解释,它有一个同义词dict
dict_column 全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释
如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时,可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0;
 
如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义,可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES';
 
依此类推,就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释,不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。
下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。
 
1、用户
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
 
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
 
查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
 
2、表
查看用户下所有的表
SQL>select * from user_tables;
 
查看名称包含log字符的表
SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
 
查看某表的创建时间
SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
 
查看某表的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
 
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
 
3、查看索引个数和类别
SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;
 
查看索引被索引的字段
SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');
 
查看索引的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&index_name');
 
4、查看序列号,last_number是当前值
SQL>select * from user_sequences;
 
5、查看视图的名称
SQL>select view_name from user_views;
 
查看创建视图的select语句
SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小
SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');
 
6、查看同义词的名称
SQL>select * from user_synonyms;
 
7、查看某表的约束条件
SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');
SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')
and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
order by cc.position;
 
8、存储函数和过程
查看函数和过程的状态
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';
 
查看函数和过程的源代码
SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');

三、查看数据库的SQL
1、查看表空间的名称及大小
  select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
  from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
  where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
  group by t.tablespace_name;
 
2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
  select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
  round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
  from dba_data_files
  order by tablespace_name;
 
3、查看回滚段名称及大小
  select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
  (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
  max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
  From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
  Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
  order by segment_name ;
 
4、查看控制文件
  select name from v$controlfile;
 
5、查看日志文件
  select member from v$logfile;
 
6、查看表空间的使用情况
  select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
  from dba_free_space
  group by tablespace_name;
  SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
  (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
  FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
  WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
 
7、查看数据库库对象
  select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
 
8、查看数据库的版本
  Select version FROM Product_component_version
  Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)=’Oracle’;
 
9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
  Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
 
10、捕捉运行很久的SQL
  column username format a12
  column opname format a16
  column progress format a8
  select username,sid,opname,
  round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || ’%’ as progress,
  time_remaining,sql_text
  from v$session_longops , v$sql
  where time_remaining <> 0
  and sql_address = address
  and sql_hash_value = hash_value
  /
11、查看数据表的参数信息
  SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
  pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
  next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
  freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
  empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
  last_analyzed
  FROM dba_tab_partitions
  --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
  ORDER BY partition_position
 
12、查看还没提交的事务
  select * from v$locked_object;
  select * from v$transaction;
 
13、查找object为哪些进程所用
  select
  p.spid,
  s.sid,
  s.serial# serial_num,
  s.username user_name,
  a.type object_type,
  s.osuser os_user_name,
  a.owner,
  a.object object_name,
  decode(sign(48 - command),
  1,
  to_char(command), ’Action Code #’ || to_char(command) ) action,
  p.program oracle_process,
  s.terminal terminal,
  s.program program,
  s.status session_status
  from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
  where s.paddr = p.addr and
  s.type = ’USER’ and
  a.sid = s.sid and
  a.object=’SUBSCRIBER_ATTR’
  order by s.username, s.osuser;
 
14、回滚段查看
  select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
  Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
  v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
  sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
  v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
  v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
 
15、耗资源的进程(top session)
  select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
  to_char(command), ’Action Code #’ || to_char(command) ) action, status
  session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num,
  nvl(s.username, ’[Oracle process]’) user_name, s.terminal terminal,
  s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p
  where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number(’38’) and (’ALL’ = ’ALL’
  or s.status = ’ALL’) and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc;
 
16、查看锁(lock)情况
  select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name,
  decode(ls.type, ’RW’, ’Row wait enqueue lock’, ’TM’, ’DML enqueue lock’, ’TX’,
  ’Transaction enqueue lock’, ’UL’, ’User supplied lock’) lock_type,
  o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, ’Row Share’, 3,
  ’Row Exclusive’, 4, ’Share’, 5, ’Share Row Exclusive’, 6, ’Exclusive’, null)
  lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2
  from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,
  l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s,
  v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner
  <> ’SYS’ order by o.owner, o.object_name
 
17、查看等待(wait)情况
  SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
  FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN (’db block gets’,
  ’consistent gets’) group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
 
18、查看sga情况
  SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
 
19、查看catched object
  SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace,
  type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,
  locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
 
20、查看V$SQLAREA
  SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
  VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
  USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
  BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
 
21、查看object分类数量
  select decode (o.type#,1,’INDEX’ , 2,’TABLE’ , 3 , ’CLUSTER’ , 4, ’VIEW’ , 5 ,
  ’SYNONYM’ , 6 , ’SEQUENCE’ , ’OTHER’ ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
  sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,’INDEX’ , 2,’TABLE’ , 3
  , ’CLUSTER’ , 4, ’VIEW’ , 5 , ’SYNONYM’ , 6 , ’SEQUENCE’ , ’OTHER’ ) union select
  ’COLUMN’ , count(*) from sys.col$ union select ’DB LINK’ , count(*) from
22、按用户查看object种类
  select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
  sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
  clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
  NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
  sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
  others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# =
  o.owner# and u.name <> ’PUBLIC’ group by u.name order by
  sys.link$ union select ’CONSTRAINT’ , count(*) from sys.con$
 
23、有关connection的相关信息
  1)查看有哪些用户连接
  select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
  ’Action Code #’ || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process,
  status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program,
  s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, ’’ query,
  0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num
  from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = ’USER’
  order by s.username, s.osuser
  2)根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
  select n.name,
  v.value,
  n.class,
  n.statistic#
  from v$statname n,
  v$sesstat v
  where v.sid = 71 and
  v.statistic# = n.statistic#
  order by n.class, n.statistic#
  3)根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql
  select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
  command_type,
  sql_text,
  sharable_mem,
  persistent_mem,
  runtime_mem,
  sorts,
  version_count,
  loaded_versions,
  open_versions,
  users_opening,
  executions,
  users_executing,
  loads,
  first_load_time,
  invalidations,
  parse_calls,
  disk_reads,
  buffer_gets,
  rows_processed,
  sysdate start_time,
  sysdate finish_time,
  ’>’ || address sql_address,
  ’N’ status
  from v$sqlarea
  where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71) ;
 
24、查询表空间使用情况select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称",
  100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",
  round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
  round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)",
  round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
  Largest "最大扩展段(M)",
  to_char(sysdate,’yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’) "采样时间"
  from (select f.tablespace _name,
  sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
  sum(decode(f.autoextensible,’YES’,f.maxbytes,’NO’,f.bytes)) maxbytes
  from dba_data_files f
  group by tablespace_name) a,
  (select f.tablespace_name,
  sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
  from dba_free_space f
  group by tablespace_name) b,
  (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
  ts.name tablespace_name
  from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
  where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
  group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
  where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name;
 
25、 查询表空间的碎片程度
  select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
  having count(tablespace_name)>10;
  alter tablespace name coalesce;
  alter table name deallocate unused;
  create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
  select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,’free space’ segment_name from dba_free_space
  union all
  select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
  select * from ts_blocks_v;
  select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
  group by tablespace_name;

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