如果没有看上节内容请:C++ 对象的内存布局深层剖析(上)
下面我们再来看看,发生重复继承的情况。所谓重复继承,也就是某个基类被间接地重复继承了多次。
下图是一个继承图,我们重载了父类的f()函数。
其类继承的源代码如下所示。其中,每个类都有两个变量,一个是整形(4字节),一个是字符(1字节),而且还有自己的虚函数,自己overwrite父类的虚函数。如子类D中,f()覆盖了超类的函数, f1() 和f2() 覆盖了其父类的虚函数,Df()为自己的虚函数。
源码:/* * ===================================================================================== * Filename: testA.cpp * Description: 对象的内存布局重复继承的测试 * Version: 1.0 * Created: 2013年11月26日 19时21分18秒 * Revision: none * Compiler: gcc * Author: max_min_, * ===================================================================================== */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; class B { public: B():ib(0),cb('B') { } virtual void f() { cout << "B::f()" << endl; } virtual void Bf() { cout << "B::Bf()" << endl; } public: int ib; char cb; }; class B1:public B { public: B1():ib1(11), cb1('1') { } virtual void f() { cout << "B1::f()" << endl; } virtual void f1() { cout << "B1::f1()" << endl; } virtual void Bf1() { cout << "B1::Bf1()" << endl; } public: int ib1; char cb1; }; class B2:public B { public: B2():ib2(12),cb2('2') { } virtual void f() { cout << "B2::f()" << endl; } virtual void f2() { cout << "B2::f2()" << endl; } virtual void Bd2() { cout << "B2::Bf2" << endl; } public: int ib2; char cb2; }; class D:public B1, public B2 { public: D():id(100), cd('D') { } virtual void f() { cout << "D::f()" << endl; } virtual void f1() { cout << "D::f1()" << endl; } virtual void f2() { cout << "D::f2()" << endl; } virtual void Df() { cout << "D::Df()" << endl; } public: int id; char cd; }; typedef void (*Fun)(void); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int **pVtab = NULL; Fun pFun = NULL; D d; pVtab = (int **)&d; cout << "[0] D::B1::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][2]; cout << " [2] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][3]; cout << " [3] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][4]; cout << " [4] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][5]; cout << " [5] 0x" << pFun << endl; cout << "[1] B::ib = " << (int )pVtab[1] << endl; cout << "[2] B::cb = " << (char)pVtab[2] << endl; cout << "[3] B1::ib1 = " << (int )pVtab[3] << endl; cout << "[4] B1::cb1 = " << (char)pVtab[4] << endl; cout << "[5] D::B2::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][2]; cout << " [2] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][3]; cout << " [3] "; pFun(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][4]; cout << " [4] 0x" << pFun << endl; cout << "[6] B::ib = " << (int )pVtab[6] << endl; cout << "[7] B::cb = " << (char)pVtab[7] << endl; cout << "[8] B2::ib2 = " << (int )pVtab[8] << endl; cout << "[9] B2::cb2 = " << (char)pVtab[9] << endl; cout << "[10] D::id = " << (int )pVtab[10] << endl; cout << "[11] D::cd = " << (char)pVtab[11] << endl; return 0; }
程序运行结果如下:
GCC 3.4.4 |
VC++ 2003 |
[0] D::B1::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f1() [3] B1::Bf1() [4] D::f2() [5] 0x1 [1] B::ib = 0 [2] B::cb = B [3] B1::ib1 = 11 [4] B1::cb1 = 1 [5] D::B2::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f2() [3] B2::Bf2() [4] 0x0 [6] B::ib = 0 [7] B::cb = B [8] B2::ib2 = 12 [9] B2::cb2 = 2 [10] D::id = 100 [11] D::cd = D |
[0] D::B1::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f1() [3] B1::Bf1() [4] D::Df() [5] 0x00000000 [1] B::ib = 0 [2] B::cb = B [3] B1::ib1 = 11 [4] B1::cb1 = 1 [5] D::B2::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] D::f2() [3] B2::Bf2() [4] 0x00000000 [6] B::ib = 0 [7] B::cb = B [8] B2::ib2 = 12 [9] B2::cb2 = 2 [10] D::id = 100 [11] D::cd = D |
下面是对于子类实例中的虚函数表的图:
我们可以看见,最顶端的父类B其成员变量存在于B1和B2中,并被D给继承下去了。而在D中,其有B1和B2的实例,于是B的成员在D的实例中存在两份,一份是B1继承而来的,另一份是B2继承而来的。所以,如果我们使用以下语句,则会产生二义性编译错误:
D d; d.ib = 0; //二义性错误 d.B1::ib = 1; //正确 d.B2::ib = 2; //正确
注意,上面例程中的最后两条语句存取的是两个变量。虽然我们消除了二义性的编译错误,但B类在D中还是有两个实例,这种继承造成了数据的重复,我们叫这种继承为重复继承。重复的基类数据成员可能并不是我们想要的。所以,C++引入了虚基类的概念。
虚拟继承的出现就是为了解决重复继承中多个间接父类的问题的。钻石型的结构是其最经典的结构。也是我们在这里要讨论的结构:
上述的“重复继承”只需要把B1和B2继承B的语法中加上virtual 关键,就成了虚拟继承,其继承图如下所示:
上图和前面的“重复继承”中的类的内部数据和接口都是完全一样的,只是我们采用了虚拟继承:其省略后的源码如下所示:
class B {……}; class B1 : virtual public B{……}; class B2: virtual public B{……}; class D : public B1, public B2{ …… };
在查看D之前,我们先看一看单一虚拟继承的情况。下面是一段在VC++2003下的测试程序:(因为VC++和GCC的内存而局上有一些细节上的不同,所以这里只给出VC++的程序,GCC下的程序大家可以根据我给出的程序自己仿照着写一个去试一试):
int** pVtab = NULL; Fun pFun = NULL; B1 bb1; pVtab = (int**)&bb1; cout << "[0] B1::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); //B1::f1(); cout << " [1] "; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][1]; pFun(); //B1::bf1(); cout << " [2] "; cout << pVtab[0][2] << endl; cout << "[1] = 0x"; cout << (int*)*((int*)(&bb1)+1) <<endl; //B1::ib1 cout << "[2] B1::ib1 = "; cout << (int)*((int*)(&bb1)+2) <<endl; //B1::ib1 cout << "[3] B1::cb1 = "; cout << (char)*((int*)(&bb1)+3) << endl; //B1::cb1 cout << "[4] = 0x"; cout << (int*)*((int*)(&bb1)+4) << endl; //NULL cout << "[5] B::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); //B1::f(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[5][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); //B::Bf(); cout << " [2] "; cout << "0x" << (Fun)pVtab[5][2] << endl; cout << "[6] B::ib = "; cout << (int)*((int*)(&bb1)+6) <<endl; //B::ib cout << "[7] B::cb = ";
其运行结果如下(我结出了GCC的和VC++2003的对比):
GCC 3.4.4 |
VC++ 2003 |
[0] B1::_vptr -> [0] : B1::f() [1] : B1::f1() [2] : B1::Bf1() [3] : 0 [1] B1::ib1 : 11 [2] B1::cb1 : 1 [3] B::_vptr -> [0] : B1::f() [1] : B::Bf() [2] : 0 [4] B::ib : 0 [5] B::cb : B [6] NULL : 0 |
[0] B1::_vptr-> [0] B1::f1() [1] B1::Bf1() [2] 0 [1] = 0x00454310ç该地址取值后是-4 [2] B1::ib1 = 11 [3] B1::cb1 = 1 [4] = 0x00000000 [5] B::_vptr-> [0] B1::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] 0x00000000 [6] B::ib = 0 [7] B::cb = B |
这里,大家可以自己对比一下。关于细节上,我会在后面一并再说。
下面的测试程序是看子类D的内存布局,同样是VC++ 2003的(因为VC++和GCC的内存布局上有一些细节上的不同,而VC++的相对要清楚很多,所以这里只给出VC++的程序,GCC下的程序大家可以根据我给出的程序自己仿照着写一个去试一试):
D dd; pVtab = (int**)ⅆ cout << "[0] D::B1::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); //D::f1(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); //B1::Bf1(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][2]; cout << " [2] "; pFun(); //D::Df(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[0][3]; cout << " [3] "; cout << pFun << endl; //cout << pVtab[4][2] << endl; cout << "[1] = 0x"; cout << (int*)((&dd)+1) <<endl; //???? cout << "[2] B1::ib1 = "; cout << *((int*)(&dd)+2) <<endl; //B1::ib1 cout << "[3] B1::cb1 = "; cout << (char)*((int*)(&dd)+3) << endl; //B1::cb1 //--------------------- cout << "[4] D::B2::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[4][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); //D::f2(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[4][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); //B2::Bf2(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[4][2]; cout << " [2] "; cout << pFun << endl; cout << "[5] = 0x"; cout << *((int*)(&dd)+5) << endl; // ??? cout << "[6] B2::ib2 = "; cout << (int)*((int*)(&dd)+6) <<endl; //B2::ib2 cout << "[7] B2::cb2 = "; cout << (char)*((int*)(&dd)+7) << endl; //B2::cb2 cout << "[8] D::id = "; cout << *((int*)(&dd)+8) << endl; //D::id cout << "[9] D::cd = "; cout << (char)*((int*)(&dd)+9) << endl;//D::cd cout << "[10] = 0x"; cout << (int*)*((int*)(&dd)+10) << endl; //--------------------- cout << "[11] D::B::_vptr->" << endl; pFun = (Fun)pVtab[11][0]; cout << " [0] "; pFun(); //D::f(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[11][1]; cout << " [1] "; pFun(); //B::Bf(); pFun = (Fun)pVtab[11][2]; cout << " [2] "; cout << pFun << endl; cout << "[12] B::ib = "; cout << *((int*)(&dd)+12) << endl; //B::ib cout << "[13] B::cb = "; cout << (char)*((int*)(&dd)+13) <<endl;//B::cb
下面给出运行后的结果(分VC++和GCC两部份)
GCC 3.4.4 |
VC++ 2003 |
[0] B1::_vptr -> [0] : D::f() [1] : D::f1() [2] : B1::Bf1() [3] : D::f2() [4] : D::Df() [5] : 1 [1] B1::ib1 : 11 [2] B1::cb1 : 1 [3] B2::_vptr -> [0] : D::f() [1] : D::f2() [2] : B2::Bf2() [3] : 0 [4] B2::ib2 : 12 [5] B2::cb2 : 2 [6] D::id : 100 [7] D::cd : D [8] B::_vptr -> [0] : D::f() [1] : B::Bf() [2] : 0 [9] B::ib : 0 [10] B::cb : B [11] NULL : 0 |
[0] D::B1::_vptr-> [0] D::f1() [1] B1::Bf1() [2] D::Df() [3] 00000000 [1] = 0x0013FDC4 ç该地址取值后是-4 [2] B1::ib1 = 11 [3] B1::cb1 = 1 [4] D::B2::_vptr-> [0] D::f2() [1] B2::Bf2() [2] 00000000 [5] = 0x4539260 ç该地址取值后是-4 [6] B2::ib2 = 12 [7] B2::cb2 = 2 [8] D::id = 100 [9] D::cd = D [10] = 0x00000000 [11] D::B::_vptr-> [0] D::f() [1] B::Bf() [2] 00000000 [12] B::ib = 0 [13] B::cb = B |
关于虚拟继承的运行结果我就不画图了(前面的作图已经让我产生了很严重的厌倦感,所以就偷个懒了,大家见谅了)
在上面的输出结果中,我用不同的颜色做了一些标明。我们可以看到如下的几点:
1)无论是GCC还是VC++,除了一些细节上的不同,其大体上的对象布局是一样的。也就是说,先是B1(黄色),然后是B2(绿色),接着是D(灰色),而B这个超类(青蓝色)的实例都放在最后的位置。
2)关于虚函数表,尤其是第一个虚表,GCC和VC++有很重大的不一样。但仔细看下来,还是VC++的虚表比较清晰和有逻辑性。
3)VC++和GCC都把B这个超类放到了最后,而VC++有一个NULL分隔符把B和B1和B2的布局分开。GCC则没有。
4)VC++中的内存布局有两个地址我有些不是很明白,在其中我用红色标出了。取其内容是-4。接道理来说,这个指针应该是指向B类实例的内存地址(这个做法就是为了保证重复的父类只有一个实例的技术)。但取值后却不是。这点我目前还并不太清楚,还向大家请教。
5)GCC的内存布局中在B1和B2中则没有指向B的指针。这点可以理解,编译器可以通过计算B1和B2的size而得出B的偏移量。
C++这门语言是一门比较复杂的语言,对于程序员来说,我们似乎永远摸不清楚这门语言背着我们在干了什么。需要熟悉这门语言,我们就必需要了解C++里面的那些东西,需要我们去了解他后面的内存对象。这样我们才能真正的了解C++,从而能够更好的使用C++这门最难的编程语言。
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