【题目】
输入二叉树中的两个结点,输出这两个结点在数中最低的共同父结点。
二叉树的结点定义如下:
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struct
BinaryTreeNode { int value; BinaryTreeNode *left; BinaryTreeNode *right; }; |
【分析】
求数中两个结点的最低共同结点是面试中经常出现的一个问题。这个问题有几个变种。
【变种1】
第一个变种是二叉树是一种特殊的二叉树:查找二叉树。也就是树是排序过的,位于左子树上的结点都比父结点小,而位于右子树的结点都比父结点大。我们只需要从根结点开始和两个结点进行比较。如果当前结点的值比两个结点都大,则最低的共同父结点一定在当前结点的左子树中。如果当前结点的值比两个结点都小,则最低的共同父结点一定在当前结点的右子树中。
具体代码如下:
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// 48_GetLowestCommonAncessor.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // #include "stdafx.h" struct BinaryTreeNode { int value; BinaryTreeNode *left; BinaryTreeNode *right; }; BinaryTreeNode* create_tree_r( int a[], int left, int right) { // base case for leaf-node if (left>right) return NULL ; int mid = (left+right)/ 2 ; BinaryTreeNode *root = new BinaryTreeNode(); root->value = a[mid]; if (left<=mid) root->left = create_tree_r(a,left,mid- 1 ); if (right>=mid) root->right = create_tree_r(a,mid+ 1 ,right); return root; } BinaryTreeNode* CreateTree( int a[], int length) { if ( NULL ==a||length<= 0 ) return NULL ; return create_tree_r(a, 0 ,length- 1 ); } // whether tree root has node x? bool HasNode(BinaryTreeNode *root, int x) { if ( NULL ==root) return false ; if (root->value==x) { return true ; } else if (root->value<x) { return HasNode(root->right,x); } else { return HasNode(root->left,x); } } // check whether root tree has node bool HasNode(BinaryTreeNode *root,BinaryTreeNode *node) { if (root==node) return true ; bool bLeft = false ; bool bRight = false ; // check in left sub-tree if (root->left!= NULL ) bLeft = HasNode(root->left,node); // check in left right-tree if (root->right!= NULL ) bRight = HasNode(root->right,node); return bLeft||bRight; } // get lowest common ancestor recursively BinaryTreeNode* GetLowestCommonAncestor_Recursively(BinaryTreeNode *root, int x, int y) { if ( NULL ==root) return NULL ; if (root->value>=x && root->value<=y) { // x in left and y in right sub-tree return root; } else if (root->value<x) { // x y in right sub-tree return GetLowestCommonAncestor_Recursively(root->right,x,y); } else //else if(root->value>y) { // x y in left sub-tree return GetLowestCommonAncestor_Recursively(root->left,x,y); } } // get lowest common ancestor iteratively BinaryTreeNode* GetLowestCommonAncestor_Iteratively(BinaryTreeNode *root, int x, int y) { if ( NULL ==root) return NULL ; BinaryTreeNode *cur = root; while (cur!= NULL ) { if (cur->value>=x && cur->value<=y) { // x in left and y in right sub-tree return cur; } else if (cur->value<x) { // x y in right sub-tree cur = cur->right; } else { // x y in left sub-tree cur = cur->left; } } return cur; } // get lca for x and y BinaryTreeNode* GetLCA_Solution(BinaryTreeNode *root, int x, int y) { // check whether root has x and y if (HasNode(root,x)&&HasNode(root,y)) return GetLowestCommonAncestor_Iteratively(root,x,y); else return NULL ; } void test_base(BinaryTreeNode *root, int x, int y) { BinaryTreeNode *result = GetLCA_Solution(root,x,y); if ( NULL ==result) { printf( "%s\n" , "can not find lca." ); } else { printf( "%d,%d--->%d\n" ,x,y,result->value); } } void test_case() { /* 5 /\ / \ / \ 2 7 / \ / \ / | | \ 1 3 6 8 \ \ 4 9 */ int a[] = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }; int length = sizeof (a)/ sizeof ( int ); BinaryTreeNode *root = CreateTree(a,length); test_base(root, 4 , 9 ); // 5 test_base(root, 1 , 4 ); // 2 test_base(root, 6 , 9 ); // 7 // special case test_base(root,- 1 , 4 ); // cannot find lca test_base(root, 6 , 100 ); // cannot find lca } int _tmain( int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { test_case(); return 0 ; } /* 4,9--->5 1,4--->2 6,9--->7 can not find lca. can not find lca. */ |
【变种2】
第二个变种是树为多叉树,每个结点都有一个指针指向它的父结点。于是我们可以从任何一个结点出发,得到一个到达树根结点的单向链表。因此这个问题转换为两个单向链表的第一个公共结点,之前35.两链表的第一个公共结点已经讨论过。
【变种3】
第三个变种是树为多叉树,每个父节点有若干个子节点,但是子节点没有指向父节点指针。我们只能从根节点遍历树,从而得到从根节点到某一节点的路径,然后求这两个路径的最后一个公共节点。
本题中的二叉树是第三个变种的一个特例,即每个父节点只有左右子节点。
具体代码如下:
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#include
<vector> #include <iostream> using namespace std; // treenode struct TreeNode { int value; vector<TreeNode*> vChildren; }; // get tree node path from root to node bool GetNodePath(TreeNode *root,TreeNode *node,vector<TreeNode*> &path) { if (root==node) return true ; path.push_back(root); // find node in root's children bool found = false ; vector<TreeNode*>::iterator iter = root->vChildren.begin(); while (!found&&iter<root->vChildren.end()) { found = GetNodePath(*iter,node,path); iter++; } // if not found in root's children,then remove it from path if (!found) path.pop_back(); return found; } // get last common node of path1 and path2 TreeNode* GetLastCommonNode( const vector<TreeNode*> &path1, const vector<TreeNode*> &path2) { // A-B-D, A-B-E vector<TreeNode*>::const_iterator iter1= path1.begin(); vector<TreeNode*>::const_iterator iter2= path2.begin(); TreeNode *lastNode = NULL ; while (iter1!=path1.end()&&iter2!=path2.end()) { if (*iter1==*iter2) lastNode = *iter1; iter1++; iter2++; } return lastNode; } // get lowest common ancestor TreeNode* GetLCA(TreeNode* root,TreeNode *node1,TreeNode *node2) { // O(n)+O(n)+O(n) = O(n) if ( NULL ==root||NULL==node1||node2== NULL ) return NULL ; vector<TreeNode*> path1; GetNodePath(root,node1,path1); vector<TreeNode*> path2; GetNodePath(root,node2,path2); return GetLastCommonNode(path1,path2); } |
【参考】
http://zhedahht.blog.163.com/blog/static/25411174201081263815813/
http://blog.csdn.net/dahai_881222/article/details/7801356
http://www.cnblogs.com/venow/archive/2012/08/31/2664969.html
【本文链接】
http://www.cnblogs.com/hellogiser/p/get-lowest-common-ancestor-of-binary-tree.html