ASP.NET Core 1.0借鉴了Katana项目的管道设计(Pipeline)。日志记录、用户认证、MVC等模块都以中间件(Middleware)的方式注册在管道中。显而易见这样的设计非常松耦合并且非常灵活,你可以自己定义任意功能的Middleware注册在管道中。这一设计非常适用于“请求-响应”这样的场景——消息从管道头流入最后反向流出。
在本文中暂且为这种模式起名叫做“管道-中间件(Pipeline-Middleware)”模式吧。
本文将描述”管道-中间件模式”的“契约式”设计和“函数式”设计两种方案。
一、什么是管道-中间件模式?
在此模式中抽象了一个类似管道的概念,所有的组件均以中间件的方式注册在此管道中,当请求进入管道后:中间件依次对请求作出处理,然后从最后一个中间件开始处理响应内容,最终反向流出管道。
二、契约式设计
契约式设计是从面向对象的角度来思考问题,根据管道-中间件的理解,中间件(Middleware)有两个职责:
public interface IMiddleware { Request ProcessRequest(Request request); Response ProcessResponse(Response response); }
管道(Pipeline)抽象应该能够注册中间件(Middleware):
public interface IApplicationBuilder { void Use(IMiddleware middleware); void UseArrange(List<IMiddleware> middlewares); Context Run(Context context); }
实现IApplicationBuilder:
public class ApplicationBuilder : IApplicationBuilder { public IWindsorContainer Container { get; private set; } private readonly List<IMiddleware> _middlewares; public ApplicationBuilder(IWindsorContainer container) { Contract.Requires(container!=null,"container!=null"); _middlewares=new List<IMiddleware>(); Container = container; } public void Use(IMiddleware middleware) { Contract.Requires(middleware != null, "middleware!=null"); _middlewares.Add(middleware); } public void UseArrange(List<IMiddleware> middlewares) { Contract.Requires(middlewares != null, "middlewares!=null"); _middlewares.AddRange(middlewares); } public Context Run(Context context) { Contract.Requires(context!=null,"context!=null"); var request=context.Request; var response=context.Response; foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { request = middleware.ProcessRequest(request); } _middlewares.Reverse(); foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { response = middleware.ProcessResponse(response); } return new Context(request,response); } }
Run()方法将依次枚举Middleware并对消息的请求和响应进行处理,最后返回最终处理过的消息。
接下来需要实现一个Middleware:
public class DefaultMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Request ProcessRequest(Request request) { request.Process("default request", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return request; } public Response ProcessResponse(Response response) { response.Process("default response", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return response; } }
为了将Middleware注册进管道,我们还可以写一个扩展方法增加代码的可读性:
public static void UseDefaultMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder applicationBuilder) { applicationBuilder.Use<DefaultMiddleware>(); } public static void Use<TMiddleware>(this IApplicationBuilder applicationBuilder) where TMiddleware:IMiddleware { var middleware = applicationBuilder.Container.Resolve<TMiddleware>(); applicationBuilder.Use(middleware); }
写个测试看看吧:
写第二个Middleware:
public class GreetingMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Request ProcessRequest(Request request) { request.Process("hello, request","processed by greetingMiddleware"); return request; } public Response ProcessResponse(Response response) { response.Process("hello, request", "processed by greetingMiddleware"); return response; } }
编写测试:
三、函数式设计方案
此方案也是Owin和ASP.NET Core采用的方案,如果站在面向对象的角度,第一个方案是非常清晰的,管道最终通过枚举所有Middleware来依次处理请求。
站在函数式的角度来看,Middleware可以用Func<Context, Context>来表示,再来看看这张图:
一个Middleware的逻辑可以用Func<Func<Context, Context>, Func<Context, Context>>来表示,整个Middleware的逻辑可以用下面的代码描述:
public Func<Func<Context, Context>, Func<Context, Context>> Process() { Func<Func<Context, Context>, Func<Context, Context>> middleware = next => { Func<Context, Context> process = context => { /*process request*/ next(context); /*process response*/ return context; }; return process; }; return middleware; }
这一过程是理解函数式方案的关键,所有Middleware可以聚合为一个Func<Context,Context>,为了易于阅读,我们可以定义一个委托:
public delegate Context RequestDelegate(Context context);
给定初始RequestDelegate,聚合所有Middleware:
public IApplication Build() { RequestDelegate request = context => context; _middlewares.Reverse(); foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { request = middleware(request); } return new Application(request); }
自定义一个函数式Middleware:
public class DefaultMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> Request() { Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> request = next => { return context => { context.Request.Process("default request", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); next(context); context.Response.Process("default response", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return context; }; }; return request; } }
所有代码提供下载:https://git.oschina.net/richieyangs/Pipeline.Middleware.git