scalaz-stream是一个泛函数据流配件库(functional stream combinator library),特别适用于函数式编程。scalar-stream是由一个以上各种状态的Process串联组成。stream代表一连串的元素,可能是自动产生或者由外部的源头输入,如:一连串鼠标位置;文件中的文字行;数据库记录;又或者一连串的HTTP请求等。Process就是stream转换器(transducer),它可以把一种stream转换成另一种stream。Process的类型款式如下:
sealed trait Process[+F[_], +O]
其中F是个高阶类,是一种算法,O是Process的运算值。从类型款式上看Process是个对O类型值进行F运算的节点,那么scalaz-stream就应该是个运算流了。Process包含以下几种状态:
case class Emit[+O](seq: Seq[O]) extends HaltEmitOrAwait[Nothing, O] with EmitOrAwait[Nothing, O] case class Await[+F[_], A, +O]( req: F[A] , rcv: (EarlyCause \/ A) => Trampoline[Process[F, O]] @uncheckedVariance , preempt : A => Trampoline[Process[F,Nothing]] @uncheckedVariance = (_:A) => Trampoline.delay(halt:Process[F,Nothing]) ) extends HaltEmitOrAwait[F, O] with EmitOrAwait[F, O] { ... } case class Halt(cause: Cause) extends HaltEmitOrAwait[Nothing, Nothing] with HaltOrStep[Nothing, Nothing] case class Append[+F[_], +O]( head: HaltEmitOrAwait[F, O] , stack: Vector[Cause => Trampoline[Process[F, O]]] @uncheckedVariance ) extends Process[F, O] { ... }
scalaz-stream是个主动读取模式的流(pull model stream),Process转换stream的方式不是以Stream[I] => Stream[O]这种函数方式,而是一种状态转换方式进行(state transition),所以这些状态就等于向一个驱动程序发出的请求:
Emit[+O]:请求发一个O值
Await[+F[_],A,+O]:要求运算F[A],得出F[A]的结果A后输入函数rcv再运算得出下一个Process状态。这个是flatMap函数的结构化版本
Halt:停止发送
Append:连接前后两个Process
可以看到Emit,Await,Halt,Append都是Process类型的结构化状态。其中Await就是flatMap函数的结构化,Emit就像Return,所以Process就是一个Free Monad。
Emit的作用是发出一个O值,Await的作用是运算F然后连接下一个Process, Append的作用则是把前一个Process的信息传递到下一个Process。Await和Append分别是不同方式的Process连接方式。
Process又分以下几类:
type Process0[+O] = Process[Nothing,O] /** * A single input stream transducer. Accepts input of type `I`, * and emits values of type `O`. */ type Process1[-I,+O] = Process[Env[I,Any]#Is, O] /** * A stream transducer that can read from one of two inputs, * the 'left' (of type `I`) or the 'right' (of type `I2`). * `Process1[I,O] <: Tee[I,I2,O]`. */ type Tee[-I,-I2,+O] = Process[Env[I,I2]#T, O] /** * A stream transducer that can read from one of two inputs, * non-deterministically. */ type Wye[-I,-I2,+O] = Process[Env[I,I2]#Y, O] /** * An effectful sink, to which we can send values. Modeled * as a source of effectful functions. */ type Sink[+F[_],-O] = Process[F, O => F[Unit]] /** * An effectful channel, to which we can send values and * get back responses. Modeled as a source of effectful * functions. */ type Channel[+F[_],-I,O] = Process[F, I => F[O]]
Process[F[_],O]:source:运算流源点,由此发送F[O]运算
Process0[+O]:>>>Process[Nothing,+O]:source:纯数据流源点,发送O类型元素
Process1[-I,+O]:一对一的数据转换节点:接收一个I类型输入,经过处理转换成O类型数据输出
Tee[-I1,-I2,+O]:二对一的有序输入数据转换节点:从左右两边一左一右有顺接受I1,I2类型输入后转换成O类型数据输出
Wye[-I1,-I2,+O]:二对一的无序输入数据转换节点:不按左右顺序,按上游数据发送情况接受I1,I2类型输入后转换成O类型数据输出
Sink[+F[_],-O]:运算终点,在此对O类型数据进行F运算,不返回值:O => F[Unit]
Channel[+F[_],-I,O]:运算终点,接受I类型输入,进行F运算后返回F[O]:I => F[O]
以下是一些简单的Process构建方法:
1 Process.emit(1) //> res0: scalaz.stream.Process0[Int] = Emit(Vector(1))
2 Process.emitAll(Seq(1,2,3)) //> res1: scalaz.stream.Process0[Int] = Emit(List(1, 2, 3))
3 Process.halt //> res2: scalaz.stream.Process0[Nothing] = Halt(End)
4 Process.range(1,2,3) //> res3: scalaz.stream.Process0[Int] = Append(Halt(End),Vector(<function1>))
这些是纯数据流的构建方法。scalaz-stream通常把Task作为F运算,下面是Task运算流的构建或者转换方法:
1 val p: Process[Task,Int] = Process.emitAll(Seq(1,2,3)) //> p : scalaz.stream.Process[scalaz.concurrent.Task,Int] = Append(Halt(End),Vector(<function1>))
2 Process.range(1,2,3).toSource //> res4: scalaz.stream.Process[scalaz.concurrent.Task,Int] = Append(Halt(End),Vector(<function1>)) 3 //把F[A]升格成Process[F,A]
4 Process.eval(Task.delay {5 * 8}) //> res5: scalaz.stream.Process[scalaz.concurrent.Task,Int] = Await(scalaz.concurrent.Task@56aac163,<function1>,<function1>)
对stream的Process进行运算有下面几种run方法:
/** * Collect the outputs of this `Process[F,O]` into a Monoid `B`, given a `Monad[F]` in * which we can catch exceptions. This function is not tail recursive and * relies on the `Monad[F]` to ensure stack safety. */ final def runFoldMap[F2[x] >: F[x], B](f: O => B)(implicit F: Monad[F2], C: Catchable[F2], B: Monoid[B]): F2[B] = { ...} /** * Collect the outputs of this `Process[F,O]`, given a `Monad[F]` in * which we can catch exceptions. This function is not tail recursive and * relies on the `Monad[F]` to ensure stack safety. */ final def runLog[F2[x] >: F[x], O2 >: O](implicit F: Monad[F2], C: Catchable[F2]): F2[Vector[O2]] = { ...} /** Run this `Process` solely for its final emitted value, if one exists. */ final def runLast[F2[x] >: F[x], O2 >: O](implicit F: Monad[F2], C: Catchable[F2]): F2[Option[O2]] = { ...} /** Run this `Process` solely for its final emitted value, if one exists, using `o2` otherwise. */ final def runLastOr[F2[x] >: F[x], O2 >: O](o2: => O2)(implicit F: Monad[F2], C: Catchable[F2]): F2[O2] = runLast[F2, O2] map { _ getOrElse o2 } /** Run this `Process`, purely for its effects. */ final def run[F2[x] >: F[x]](implicit F: Monad[F2], C: Catchable[F2]): F2[Unit] = F.void(drain.runLog(F, C))
这几个函数都返回F2运算,如果F2是Task的话那么我们就可以用Task.run来获取结果值:
1 //runFoldMap就好比Monoid的sum
2 p.runFoldMap(identity).run //> res6: Int = 6
3 p.runFoldMap(i => i * 2).run //> res7: Int = 12
4 p.runFoldMap(_.toString).run //> res8: String = 123 5 //runLog把收到的元素放入vector中
6 p.runLog.run //> res9: Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3) 7 //runLast取最后一个元素,返回Option
8 p.runLast.run //> res10: Option[Int] = Some(3)
9 Process.halt.toSource.runLast.run //> res11: Option[Nothing] = None
10 Process.halt.toSource.runLastOr(65).run //> res12: Int = 65 11 //run只进行F的运算,放弃所有元素
12 p.run //> res13: scalaz.concurrent.Task[Unit] = scalaz.concurrent.Task@26b3fd41
13 p.run.run //Task[Unit] 返回Unit
14 Process.emit(print("haha")).toSource.run.run //> haha
与List和Stream操作相似,我们同样可以对scalar-stream Process施用同样的操作函数,也就是一些stream转换函数:
1 p.take(2).runLog.run //> res14: Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2)
2 p.filter {_ > 2}.runLog.run //> res15: Vector[Int] = Vector(3)
3 p.last.runLog.run //> res16: Vector[Int] = Vector(3)
4 p.drop(1).runLog.run //> res17: Vector[Int] = Vector(2, 3)
5 p.exists{_ > 5}.runLog.run //> res18: Vector[Boolean] = Vector(false)
以上这些函数与scala标准库的stream很相似。再看看map,flatMap吧:
1 p.map{i => s"Int:$i"}.runLog.run //> res19: Vector[String] = Vector(Int:1, Int:2, Int:3)
2 p.flatMap{i => Process(i,i-1)}.runLog.run //> res20: Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2)
仔细检查可以看出来上面的这些转换操作都是针对Process1类型的,都是元素在流通过程中得到转换。我们会在下篇讨论中介绍一些更复杂的Process操作,如:Sink,Tee,Wyn...,然后是scalaz-stream的具体应用