MySQL(数据库基本管理)

本案例要求熟悉MySQL的连接及数据库表的增删改查等基本管理操作,主要完成以下几个方便的操作:
使用mysql命令连接数据库
练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作
练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作,表数据参考如表-1所示内容
表-1 测试用表数据
学号 姓名 性别 手机号 通信地址
NSD131201 张三 男 13012345678 朝阳区劲松南路… …
NSD131202 韩梅梅 女 13722223333 海淀区北三环西路…
NSD131203 王五 男 18023445678 丰台区兴隆中街… …
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一:使用mysql命令连接数据库**

连接MySQL服务器时,最基本的用法是通过 -u 选项指定用户名、-p指定密码。密码可以写在命令行(如果不写,则出现交互,要求用户输入),当然基于安全考虑一般不推荐这么做:
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p1234567  		//紧挨着选项,不要空格
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit  								//退出已登录的mysql> 环境
Bye
默认情况下,msyql命令会连接本机的MySQL服务。但在需要的时候,可以通过 -h 选项指定远程主机;如果端口不是3306,还可以通过大写的 -P 选项指定:
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P 3306
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit  								//退出已登录的mysql> 环境
Bye
连接其他主机的MySQL服务,有一个前提条件——对方已经添加了此用户从此客户机访问的数据库授权,授权操作方法会在后续课程学习。

步骤二:练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作

以root用户登入“mysql> ”环境后,可以执行各种MySQL指令、SQL指令。基本的用法事项如下:
操作指令不区分大小写(库名/表名、密码、变量值等除外)。
每条SQL指令以 ; 结束或分隔。
不支持 Tab 键自动补齐。
\c 可废弃当前编写错的操作指令。
1)查看现有的库

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |  							//信息概要库
| mysql              |  							//授权库
| performance_schema |  							//性能结构库
| test               |  							//测试库(空库)
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.15 sec)

2)切换/使用指定的库

切换到test库:
mysql> USE test;
Database changed
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();  						//确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| test       |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
切换到mysql库:
mysql> USE mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();  						//确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| mysql      |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3)创建新的库

新建名为mydb的库,确认结果:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE mydb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |  						//新建的mydb库
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
新建名为newdb的库,确认结果:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |  						//新建的mydb库
| mysql              |
| newdb              |  						//新建的newdb库
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
新建数据库以后,会为每个数据库建立同名文件夹,可从命令行确认:
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls -l /var/lib/mysql/{my,new}db/
/var/lib/mysql/mydb/:
总用量 4
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 65 1月   7 17:00 db.opt

/var/lib/mysql/newdb/:
总用量 4
-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 65 1月   7 17:00 db.opt

4)删除指定的库

删除名为newdb的库:
mysql> DROP DATABASE newdb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;  						//确认删除结果,已无newdb表
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤三:练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作

1)查看指定的库里有哪些表

查看test库里有哪些表:
mysql> USE test;
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
查看mysql库里有哪些表:
mysql> USE mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| innodb_index_stats        |
| innodb_table_stats        |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slave_master_info         |
| slave_relay_log_info      |
| slave_worker_info         |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |  					//存放数据库用户的表
+---------------------------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2)查看指定表的字段结构

当前库为mysql,查看columns_priv表的结构,以列表形式展现:
mysql> DESCRIBE columns_priv\G  			//末尾不用分号
*************************** 1. row ***************************
  Field: Host
   Type: char(60)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default:
  Extra:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
  Field: Db
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default:
  Extra:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
  Field: User
   Type: char(16)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default:
  Extra:
*************************** 4. row ***************************
  Field: Table_name
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default:
  Extra:
*************************** 5. row ***************************
  Field: Column_name
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default:
  Extra:
*************************** 6. row ***************************
  Field: Timestamp
   Type: timestamp
   Null: NO
    Key:
Default: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
  Extra: on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
*************************** 7. row ***************************
  Field: Column_priv
   Type: set('Select','Insert','Update','References')
   Null: NO
    Key:
Default:
  Extra:
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看columns_priv表的结构,以表格形式展现:
mysql> DESCRIBE columns_priv;  				//末尾需要有分号
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| User        | char(16)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上述操作中,DESCRIBE可缩写为DESC;另外,当引用非当前库中的表时,可以用“库名.表名”的形式。比如,切换为mysql库再执行“DESCRIBE columns_priv;”,与以下操作的效果是相同的:
mysql> DESC mysql.columns_priv;
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| User        | char(16)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在test库中创建一个名为pwlist的表
包括name、password两列,其中name列作为主键。两个字段值均不允许为空,其中密码列赋予默认空值,相关操作如下所述。
切换到test库:
mysql> USE test;
Database changed
新建pwlist表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE pwlist(
    -> name CHAR(16) NOT NULL,
    -> password CHAR(48) DEFAULT '',
    -> PRIMARY KEY(name)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
确认新创建的表:
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| pwlist         |  								//新建的pwlist表
+----------------+
1 rows in set (0.01 sec)
查看pwlist表的字段结构:
mysql> DESC pwlist;
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name     | char(16) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| password | char(48) | YES  |     |         |       |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4)删除指定的表

删除当前库中的pwlist表:
mysql> DROP TABLE pwlist;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
确认删除结果:
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

5)在test库中创建一个学员表

表格结构及数据内容如表-1所示。
在MySQL表内存储中文数据时,需要更改字符集(默认为latin1不支持中文),以便MySQL支持存储中文数据记录;比如,可以在创建库或表的时候,手动添加“DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8”来更改字符集。
根据上述表格结构,创建支持中文的student表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE test.student(
    -> 学号 char(9) NOT NULL,
    -> 姓名 varchar(4) NOT NULL,
    -> 性别 enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
    -> 手机号 char(11) DEFAULT '',
    -> 通信地址 varchar(64),
    -> PRIMARY KEY(学号)
    -> ) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;  				//手工指定字符集,采用utf8
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
查看student表的字段结构:
mysql> DESC test.student;
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type              | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| 学号         | char(9)           | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| 姓名         | varchar(4)        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| 性别         | enum('男','女')   | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| 手机号       | char(11)          | YES  |     |         |       |
| 通信地址     | varchar(64)       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.04 sec)
查看student表的实际创建指令:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE test.student;
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table   | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `学号` char(9) NOT NULL,
  `姓名` varchar(4) NOT NULL,
  `性别` enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
  `手机号` char(11) DEFAULT '',
  `通信地址` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`学号`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8                  |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意:若要修改MySQL服务的默认字符集,可以更改服务器的my.cnf配置文件,添加character_set_server=utf8 配置,然后重启数据库服务。
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf  						//修改运行服务配置
[mysqld]
.. ..
character_set_server=utf8

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# service mysql restart  				//重启服务
.. ..
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql –u root -p  
Enter password:
.. ..
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%';  				//确认更改结果
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.03 sec)

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