CREATE TABLE `staffs`(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(24) not null default "" comment'姓名',
age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',
pos varchar(20) not null default "" comment'职位',
add_time timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '入职时间'
)charset utf8 comment '员工记录表';
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('z3',22,'manage',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('july',23,'dev',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('2000',23,'dev',now());
alter table staffs add index idx_staffs_nameAgePos(name,age,pos);
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'
当建立了索引列后,能在where条件中使用索引的尽量所用。
如果索引了多列,要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'
不在索引列上做任何操作(计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换),会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE left(NAME,4) = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
中间有范围查询会导致后面的索引列全部失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
指的是范围条件的索引放到最后
尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致)),减少select *
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
mysql 在使用不等于(!= 或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
如果定要需要使用不等于,请用覆盖索引
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
注意null/not null对索引的可能影响
在字段为not null的情况下,使用is null 或 is not null 会导致索引失效
在字段为null的情况下,使用 is not null 会导致索引失效
只有字段为null,使用is null有效
like以通配符开头(’%abc…’)mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描的操作
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name ='july'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july%'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like 'july%'
解决方式:覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name like '%july%'
字符串不加单引号索引失效
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = 917
解决方式:请加引号
EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'
EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July'
UNION
select * from staffs where name = 'z3'
解决方式:覆盖索引
EXPLAIN
select name,age from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'
全职匹配我最爱,最左前缀要遵守;
带头大哥不能死,中间兄弟不能断;
索引列上少计算,范围之后全失效;
LIKE百分写最右,覆盖索引不写*;
不等空值还有OR,索引影响要注意;
VAR引号不可丢, SQL优化有诀窍。
注意:建表的时候不要建成全索引表,要有普通字段,会导致select * 变成覆盖索引影响测试结果
index(a,b,c)
where | 索引是否被使用 | 原因 |
---|---|---|
where | Y,使用到a | 满足最佳左前缀 |
where a=3 and b=5 | Y,使用到a,b | 满足最佳左前缀 |
where a=3 and b=5 and c=4 | Y,使用到a,b,c | 满足最佳左前缀 |
where b=3 或者 b=3 and c=4 或者 where c=4 | N | 不满足最佳左前缀 |
where a=3 and c=5 | 使用到a,但是c不可以,b中间断了 | 不满足最佳左前缀 |
where a=3 and b>4 and c=5 | 使用到a,c不能用在范围之后,b断了 | 违反范围条件放最后 |
where a=3 and b like ‘kk%’ and c=4 | Y,只使用到a,b,c | 正常使用索引 |
where a=3 and b like ‘%kk’ and c=4 | Y,只使用到a | 索引失效变全表扫描 |
where a=3 and b like ‘%kk%’ and c=4 | Y,只使用到a | 索引失效变全表扫描 |
where a=3 and b like ‘k%kk%’ and c=4 | Y,使用到a,b,c | 正常使用索引 |