Kotlin委托(Delegation)笔记

Kotlin语言基础笔记

Kotlin流程控制语句笔记

Kotlin操作符重载与中缀表示法笔记

Kotlin扩展函数和扩展属性笔记

Kotlin空指针安全(null-safety)笔记

Kotlin类型系统笔记

Kotlin面向对象编程笔记

Kotlin委托(Delegation)笔记

Kotlin泛型型笔记

Kotlin函数式编程笔记

Kotlin与Java互操作笔记

Kotlin协程笔记

委托模式也叫做代理模式,这是一个非常常用的设计模式,代理模式使得可以用聚合来替代继承(这个也是Effective Java中推荐的方式)。怎么解释代理模式呢?举个海外代购的例子,假如小红有个哥哥小明在米国,小红身边的很多姐妹都非常喜欢coach,gucci的包,但是国内太贵,所以身边的姐妹都会委托小红找她哥哥在米国买好寄回国内。小红和哥哥也能从中获取一些回扣,身边的姐妹也能得到实惠。小红就是代理,代理商。OK,我们用Java代码来描述下:

public interface Buyer {
    
    void buyCoach();

    void buyGucci();
}

public class XiaoMing implements Buyer {
    @Override
    public void buyCoach() {
        System.out.println("XiaoMing buy Coach!");
    }

    @Override
    public void buyGucci() {
        System.out.println("XiaoMing buy Gucci!");
    }
}

public class XiaoHong implements Buyer {

    private Buyer xiaoMing;

    public XiaoHong(Buyer xiaoMing) {
        this.xiaoMing = xiaoMing;
    }

    @Override
    public void buyCoach() {
        System.out.println("Brother, please buy Coach for me.");
        xiaoMing.buyCoach();
        System.out.println("Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.");
    }

    @Override
    public void buyGucci() {
        System.out.println("Brother, please buy Gucci for me.");
        xiaoMing.buyGucci();
        System.out.println("Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Buyer xiaoHong = new XiaoHong(new XiaoMing());
        xiaoHong.buyCoach();
        xiaoHong.buyGucci();
    }
}

运行上面的代码,输出:

Brother, please buy Coach for me.
XiaoMing buy Coach!
Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.

Brother, please buy Gucci for me.
XiaoMing buy Gucci!
Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.

1. 类的委托

Kotlin在语言层面原生支持委托模式。上面的Java改写如下:

interface Buyer{
    fun buyCoach()

    fun buyGucci()
}

class XiaoMing : Buyer{
    override fun buyCoach() {
        println("XiaoMing buy Coach!")
    }

    override fun buyGucci() {
        println("XiaoMing buy Gucci!")
    }
}

class XiaoHong(val realBuyer: Buyer) : Buyer by realBuyer {

    override fun buyCoach() {
        println("Brother, please buy Coach for me.")
        realBuyer.buyCoach()
        println("Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.")
    }

    override fun buyGucci() {
        println("Brother, please buy Gucci for me.")
        realBuyer.buyGucci()
        println("Thanks Brother, I will give some money to you.")
    }

}

fun main(args: Array) {
    val xiaoHong = XiaoHong(XiaoMing())
    xiaoHong.buyCoach()
    xiaoHong.buyGucci()
}

请注意by realBuyer 表示XiaoHong的所有共有方法委托给一个指定的对象readlBuyer。如果你不想要XiaoHong说太多废话的话,你可以用简单的一行代码定义XiaoHong:

class XiaoHong(val realBuyer: Buyer) : Buyer by realBuyer

这就是所谓的在语言层面支持委托,确实比Java简洁太多。

2. 属性委托

对于Kotlin类中的属性,我们也可以使用委托来赋予属性一些牛逼的特性,这些特性在Java中可能需要我们写很多代码来实现,但是在Kotlin中一切将变得so easy!

2.1 属性的委托

看一个例子:


class DelegatePropertiesDemo {
    var content: String by Content()

    override fun toString(): String {
        return "DelegatePropertiesDemo Class"
    }
}

class Content {
    operator fun getValue(delegatePropertiesDemo: DelegatePropertiesDemo, property: KProperty<*>): String {
        return "${delegatePropertiesDemo} property '${property.name}' = 'Balalala ... ' "
    }

    operator fun setValue(delegatePropertiesDemo: DelegatePropertiesDemo, property: KProperty<*>, value: String) {
        println("${delegatePropertiesDemo} property '${property.name}' is setting value: '$value'")
    }
}

fun main(args: Array) {
    val delegatePropertiesDemo = DelegatePropertiesDemo()
    println(delegatePropertiesDemo.content)

    delegatePropertiesDemo.content = "abc"
}

运行上面例子输出:

DelegatePropertiesDemo Class property 'content' = 'Balalala ... ' 
DelegatePropertiesDemo Class property 'content' is setting value: 'abc'

上面这个例子可以看出,DelegatePropertiesDemo的content属性的getter/setter是分别委托给下面这个Content类的getValue和setValue方法。注意getValue和setValue方法必须要使用operator修饰。

2.2 懒加载属性委托 lazy()函数

我们先来看看lazy()函数的定义:


Kotlin委托(Delegation)笔记_第1张图片
lazy

它接收一个lambda表达式,并返回一个Lazy的实例函数,返回的实例可以实现懒加载属性的委托,第一次调用记录下结果,后续调用会返回第一次调用的结果。
第二个方法是的第一个参数是线程安全模式,默认是线程安全的。

fun main(args: Array) {
    val firstTimestamp by lazy { System.currentTimeMillis() }
    println(firstTimestamp)
    Thread.sleep(1000)
    println(firstTimestamp)
}

输出的两次时间戳是一样的。

1520010381034
1520010381034

如果委托多个线程同时执行,不需要同步锁,可以使用LazyThreadSafetyMode.PUBLICATION参数。
如果是在单线程环境中,可以使用LazyThreadSafetyMode.NONE参数,这也是性能最高。

2.3 可观察属性委托

我们把属性委托给Delegates.observable函数,当属性被赋值时,会触发其中的回调函数onChange。

Kotlin委托(Delegation)笔记_第2张图片
observable

fun main(args: Array) {
    var level:String by Delegates.observable("P0", {property: KProperty<*>, oldValue: String, newValue: String -> println("$oldValue -> $newValue") })
}

输出:

P0 -> P1
P1 -> P2
P2 -> P3

2.4 可否决属性委托

函数定于如下:


Kotlin委托(Delegation)笔记_第3张图片
vetoable

可以通过onChange函数返回值是否为true,来让属性的值是否需要变化。

class PostHierarchy {
    var grade: String by Delegates.vetoable("T0", {
        property, oldValue, newValue ->
        true
    })

    var notChangeGrade: String by Delegates.vetoable("T0", {
        property, oldValue, newValue ->
        false
    })
}

val ph = PostHierarchy()
ph.grade = "T1"
ph.grade = "T2"
ph.grade = "T3"
println(ph.grade) // 打印T3

ph.notChangeGrade = "T1"
ph.notChangeGrade = "T2"
ph.notChangeGrade = "T3"
println(ph.notChangeGrade) // 打印T0

2.5 非空属性委托

var name: String by Delegates.notNull()

这样name属性就被限制为不能为null,如果被赋值null,编译器直接报错:

2.6 属性委托给Map

我们也可以把一个类中的属性委托给Map:

class User(val map: MutableMap){
    var name:String by map
    var age:Int by map

    override fun toString(): String {
        return "User(name = $name, age = $age)"
    }
}

fun main(args: Array) {
    val user = User(mutableMapOf(
            "name" to "Denny Deng",
            "age" to 34
    ))
    println(user)
    user.age = 36
    println(user.map["age"])
}

输出:

User(name = Denny Deng, age = 34)
36

你可以看到修改了map的值,能影响到user的name和age属性,修改了user的属性值也能影响到map的值。

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