考点一 非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词(不定式、动名词)作宾语
(一)下列动词一般用不定式作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀:
决心学会想希望, 拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划, 同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时, 她假装没看见我。
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
我们约好了在这里见面, 但是她到现在还没有露面。
此外, afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten 等也要用不定式作宾语。
(二)下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀:
考虑建议盼原谅, 承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练, 否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险, 不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象, 设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
他为这次求职面试做了充分准备, 因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
此外, be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand(无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, be busy, have difficulty(in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), How/What about..., There is no sense in...等短语或句型后也要用动名词作宾语。
(三)下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语, 也可以跟不定式作宾语, 但意义上有区别, 要特别注意。
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth. 记着要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 很遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
(四)在动词 allow, advise, forbid, permit, consider 后直接跟动名词作宾语; 如果后面有名词或代词作宾语, 则用动词不定式作宾语补足语。
allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider sb. to do sth.
allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider doing sth.
Smoking is forbidden here so we don't allow you to smoke.
这里禁止吸烟, 所以我们不允许你吸烟。
We don't allow smoking in the hall.
我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。
(五)动词 need, require, want 作“需要”, deserve 作“ 应受, 应得”解时, 其后用动名词的主动形式(doing) 或不定式的被动形式(to be done) 表被动意义。be worth 后用动名词的主动形式(doing)表示被动意义, 而 worthy 则需用被动形式。此外, need, require, want 后可以接名词或代词作宾语, 然后接不定式作宾语补足语, 表示“需要/要求/想要某人做某事”。
need/require/want to be done (需要)
need/require/want doing (需要)
need/require/want sb. to do sth.(需要/要求/想要)
deserve 名词
deserve doing
deserve to be done
be worth 名词
be worth doing
be worthy to be done
be worthy of 名词(表钱数或表价格的名词除外)
be worthy of being done
The window needs/requires/wants to be cleaned.
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning.
窗户需要擦一下。
This place is worth visiting.
This place is worthy to be visited.
This place is worthy of a visit.
This place is worthy of being visited.
这个地方值得参观。
These proposals deserve considering.
These proposals deserve to be considered.
这些建议值得考虑。
(六) 不定式作动词(词组) tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时, 前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who 等, 但 why 后加不带to 的不定式。
注意:此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保持一致, 否则用宾语从句。
He showed us how to do the work.(= He showed us how we should do the work.)
他给我们演示怎么做这项工作。
I don't know what to do.(=I don't know what I should do.)
我不知道做些什么。
We must decide whether to stay or go.(= We must decide whether we'll stay or go.)
我们必须决定是留还是走。
Can you tell me why do it? 你能告诉我为什么这么做吗?
题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①(2014 北京, 35) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognized (recognize).
②One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting (correct)them.
③ In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting (wait) for another hour.
考点二 非谓语动词作定语
一、不定式作定语
1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等, 不定式后面需有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
但是, 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way 时, 不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
He had no place to live.
他没有地方住。
2. 用不定式作定语的几种情况:
(1)不定式表将来。
The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。
(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
He was the best man to do the job.
他是做这份工作的最佳人选。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她 是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
(3)有些名词的同根词常跟不定式, 因而它们也常跟不定式作定语, 常见的有:promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness 等。
I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.
我不相信他来访的诺言。
(比较:He promised to come for a visit.)
He said he had no plans to go there.
他说他没有要去那里的计划。
(比较:He didn't plan to go there.)
He made an attempt to stand up.
他试图站起来。
(比较:He attempted to stand up.)
二、分词作定语
1. 作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v.-ing, being + 过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时, 用v.-ing; 当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时, 用being + 过去分词; 当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时, 用过去分词。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动, 正在进行)
“Things lost never come again!” I couldn't help talking to myself. 我不禁自言自语:“覆水难收啊!”(被动, 完成)
2. 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v.-ing 和过去分词。
v.-ing 表示正在进行; 过去分词表示已经完成。
boiling water 沸腾的水(表正在进行)
boiled water 白开水(表完成)
falling leaves 正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子(表完成)
developing countries 发展中国家(表正在进行)
developed countries 发达国家(表完成)
3. 英语中有些表示感觉的动词, 其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”, 过去分词形式表示“感到……的”。
an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音
an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情
a puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情
三、动名词作定语
动名词作定语, 动名词用来说明被修饰词的用途。
a fishing net 渔网(= a net for fishing)
a swimming pool 游泳池(a pool for swimming)
四、to be done, done 和being done 作定语的区别
to be done 表被动、将来;
done 表被动、完成;
being done 表被动、正在进行。
Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗? (表被动、完成)
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
听! 正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。(表被动、正在进行)
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(表被动、将来)
题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
① (2014 北京, 28) There are still many problems to be solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
②Prices of daily goods bought (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.
考点三 非谓语动词作主语、表语
一、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词)作主语
1. 不定式、动名词都可作主语, 但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作, 可以是多次的、经常性的行为; 不定式作主语多表示具体的动作, 尤其是某一次的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。(指一次具体的动作)
2. 下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
It is/was no use/good doing sth.
It is/was not any use/good doing sth.
It is/was of little use/good doing sth.
It is/was worth doing sth.
It is worth making an appointment before you go.
去之前预约一下是值得的。
3. 下列句型中常用不定式作主语。
①It + be + 名词 + to do sth.
②It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.
③It + be + difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary... + for sb. + to do sth.
④It + be + careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, silly, stupid, wise... + of sb. to do sth.
It's our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾好老人是我们的责任。
How long did it take you to finish the work? 你花了多长时间来完成这项工作?
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour.
我们难以在一小时内完成这篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that)the teacher says. 你把老师说的所有东西都记下来是很愚蠢的。
二、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)作表语
1. 不定式、动名词都可作表语, 但动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作, 可以是多次的、经常性的行为; 不定式作表语多表示具体的动作, 尤其是某一次的动作。
His favorite sport is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。(泛指游泳)
Your task today is to wash the curtains.
你今天的任务是洗窗帘。(指一次具体的工作)
2. 现在分词、过去分词都可作表语, 但现在分词意为:令人……的; 过去分词意为:感到……的。
The film is exciting. 这部电影激动人心。
He is excited at the news. 听到这个消息他激动不已。
3. 非谓语动词作remain 的表语。
remain 作“仍然是” 讲, 后面可加现在分词或过去分词作表语。
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down. 虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下, 但她还是站着。
The true author of the book remains unknown.
这本书真正的作者依然不详。
注意:
remain to be done 表示“仍需去……”。
Much remains to be done. 许多事仍需去做。
题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①(2014 山东, 9)It's standard practice for a company like this one to employ (employ)a security officer.
②As we joined the big crowd I got separated (separate) from my friends.
③ The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain seated (seat)as the plane was making a landing.
考点四 非谓语动词作状语
一、不定式、分词作状语的基本原则
不定式、分词作状语时, 不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致, 即不定式、分词作状语必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系, 否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。
二、不定式作状语
1. 不定式作目的状语
不定式作目的状语的情况较多, 如果强调目的性时, 不定式前还可加in order 或so as, 构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。“in order to do”结构作目的状语时, 可以放在句首也可放在句中; “so as to do”结构只能放在句中。“in order to do”“so as to do”结构置于句中时, 不能用逗号隔开。
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year (so as/in order)to visit her. 她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。
Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.
鲍勃记下了我的电话号码以免忘记。
2. 不定式作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to; such...as to; ...enough to; only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果); too...to 等。
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to write it down.
我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.
简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。(表示“意外或事与愿违的结果”)
I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了, 不能再熬夜了。
注意:在only too...to 结构中, too...to...并非是“太……而不能……” 之意。此时, 与too... to... 搭配的形容词常见的有pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy 等。
I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.
考试及格了, 我非常高兴。
3. 不定式作原因状语
形容词作表语时, 后面可接不定式作原因状语, 用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, pleased 等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道昨天看到她时, 我是多么高兴。
4. 在“主语 + 系动词 + 表语(形容词) + to do” 结构中, 句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系, 且形容词表示主语的特征或性质, 这时, 需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有: easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous 等。
This question is easy to answer.
这个问题容易回答。
This book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。
三、分词作状语
1. 分词作状语时其形式的选择
2. 分词作状语的句法功能
分词作状语时, 可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调, 还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连词连用。
When offered help, one often says“Thank you”or “It's kind of you”.(时间)当被提供帮助的时候, 人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大陆分离了数百万年, 澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。
Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(条件)
一般来说, 如果按照说明服用, 这种药没有副作用。
He glanced at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.(结果)他不经意地看了一下她, 注意到她虽然很纤弱, 但看起来非常健康。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)
虽然被告诉过好多次了, 但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随)
老师进了实验室, 后面跟着一些学生。
四、独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响, 称作独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking 一般来说; frankly speaking 坦白地说; judging from/by...根据……来判断; considering.../taking...into consideration 考虑到……; to tell you the truth 说实话; compared to/with 与……相比。
Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断, 他是香港人。
Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.
考虑到你的健康, 你最好休息一下。
To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.
说实话, 我有点累。
五、独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时, 它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语, 在句子中作状语, 我们称之为独立主格结构(The Nominative Absolute Construction)。
独立主格结构的特点:
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在。
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。
③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成:
①名词/代词 + 分词;
②名词/代词 + 不定式;
③with/without + 名词/代词 + 分词/不定式。
The test finished(=When the test was finished), we began our holiday.
考试结束后, 我们就开始放假了。
The president assassinated (= Because the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被暗杀了, 全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。
Weather permitting (= If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许, 我们明天去看你。
I stood before her with my heart beating fast.
我站在她面前, 心脏跳得很快。
题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①(2014 天津, 5) Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find (find)it didn't fit.
②(2014 天津, 7) Clearly and thoughtfully written (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
③(2014 重庆, 11) Group activities will be organized after class to help (help)children develop team spirit.
④(2014 福建, 27) Having spent (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
⑤(2014 江苏, 29) The lecture having been given (give), a lively question-and-answer session followed.
考点五 非谓语动词作补语
一、后接不定式作补语的动词及动词词组
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait for, call on, depend on 等。
You are not allowed to smoke here.
这里不允许吸烟。
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生告诫他不要吃太多的肉。
注意:
1. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove, appoint, judge 等后常用“to be...”作宾补/主补。
People considered him to be a great leader.
人们认为他是一位伟大的领袖。
They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
他们觉得那个回答非常令人满意。
Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.
中餐被认为是世界上最健康的。
He imagines himself to be an able man.
他自认为是个能人。
2. fear, excuse/forgive, refuse, punish, suggest/propose, agree/approve, inform, welcome, insist/persist, hope, arrange, demand, thank, congratulate, prevent 后不能用不定式作补语。
二、非谓语动词作感官动词(词组)、使役动词的宾补
1. 感官动词(词组) see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式, 以see 为例:
see + 宾语 + doing sth. 看见……正做……(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
see + 宾语 + do sth. 看见……做了…… (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
see + 宾语 + being done 看见……正在被做 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
see + 宾语 + done 看见……被做 ∙∙∙∙∙∙(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动, 完成)
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时, 我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动, 正在进行)
I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时, 我听见那个小女孩正在唱一首英文歌。(被动, 正在进行)
I'd like to see the plan carried out.
我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动, 没有一定的时间性)
2. 使役动词make, let, have, get 后接复合宾语的情况:
(1)
make + 宾语 + do 让……做……(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
make + 宾语 + done 让……被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
He made his workers work 12 hours a day.
他让他的工人们每天工作12 个小时。
He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。
(2)
let + 宾语 + do 让……做……(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
let + 宾语 + be done 让……被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
Don't let your child play with matches.
别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
工作要马上去做。
(3)
have + 宾语 + do sth. 让……做某事 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
have + 宾语 + doing sth. 使……持续做某事(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
have + 宾语 + done 使……被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
注意:
①have sth. done 还表示“使……遭受……”之意。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
汤姆踢足球时弄伤了腿。
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
在史密斯先生外出度假期间, 他家被盗了。
②have sb. doing 常用于否定句中, 其中have 有“允许、容忍”之意。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不允许∙∙∙你和你父亲那么讲话。
③have 还可用于have something to do 结构, 该结构中have作“有”讲, 不定式作定语。
I have something urgent to inform you.
我有紧急的事要通知你们。
(4)
get + 宾语 + to do sth. 使……做 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
get + 宾语 + doing sth. 使……做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
get + 宾语 + done 使……被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)}
He got me to post the letter for him.
他让我替他寄信。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后, 上尉让士兵们朝前线行进起来。
I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3. 下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语, 但在被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——— 5 看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe); 3 使(make, let, have); 2 听(listen to, hear); 1 感觉(feel)。
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
听见有人上楼了。
三、动词leave, keep, find, catch 及介词with 后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况:
1.
leave sb./sth. doing sth. 让某人/物一直处于某种状态(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系, 表示动作正在进行)
leave sth. undone 留下某事未做 (宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系, 表示被动和完成, 一般以 undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多)
leave sb. to do sth. 让某人去做某事 (不定式表示将来的动作)
leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作)
It's wrong to leave the machine running.
让机器一直运转着是不对的。(主动, 正在进行)
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they
didn't taste delicious.
大部分的菜客人们动都没动, 因为它们不可口。(被动, 完成)
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了, 留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(主动, 将来)
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议, 留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动, 将来)
2.
keep sb./sth. doing 使某人/物一直做某事
keep sb./sth. done 使某人/物被……(表示被动且完成, 或表示状态)}
Keep the engine running. 别让发动机熄火。
You should keep me informed of his whereabouts. 你应该让我了解他的行踪。
3.
find sb. doing 发现某人正在做某事
find sb./sth. done 发现某人/物已经……(表完成或状态)
find sb./sth.(to be)...发现某人/物……
We found him(to be)dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。
Often I found her quietly weeping alone.
我经常发现她独自默默流泪。
I found him buried in a novel.
我发现他在埋头读一本小说。
4. catch sb. doing sth. 撞见某人正在做某事。
I caught John reading my private letters.
我撞见约翰在偷看我的私人信件。
5.
with sb./sth. doing(表主动且进行, 或表特征)
with sth. being done(表被动且进行)
with sth. done (表被动且完成, 或表状态)
with sth. to do(表示将来)}
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了一份宴请函。工作都完成了, 他欣然接受了邀请。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.
因为有很多难题要解决, 所以这位新任总统的日子不好过。
四、常用不定式作主语补足语的句型
Sb./Sth. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought + to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done + 其他。
He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)
据说他出国了。
Heat is considered to be a form of energy.
热能被看作是一种能量形式。
You're supposed to pay the bill by Friday.
你应该在星期五前结清这笔账。
题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried (carry)out the next year.
②The missing boy was last seen playing (play) near the East Lake.