Iss31: Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.
语料1：Evolutionism（Darwin）：“Survival of the fittest” --Social Darwinism （适者生存）
Effort for all endangered species:
1. Extinction = willl never see those species alive ever again = loss of precious biological data for future studies = slower progress in the field of evolutionary biology. Furthermore, some endangered species = indirect result of human activities = if not saved, will loss bioligical data + disrupt balance in their natural habitat.
2. Evolutionism / Darwinism = survival of the fittest, which is the golden rule of evolution = manual interfering endangered species in its natural environment may leads to disruption in the natural ecology & slowed evolution of wpecies = less adaption for future survival needs.
Eg: weak digestion functions----Panda; secual apathy------Koalas; inability to fly + stupidity------Kakapo
Monogamy Polygamy
Make effort only if extinction is caused by humans:
1. Too much burden on the society if we try to save all endangered species = money and labor needed from the government or institutions = money can be better spent protecting the environment rather than saving the dying ones （亡羊补牢VS未雨绸缪）
Iss10: Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.
Laws to preserve some, some for economic gain:
1. Creats too much of a financial burden if we preserve all remaining wilderness areas in their natural state = not only we cannot develop them for economic activities, we also need money and labor to clean and maintain them, keep them away from destructive human activities.
2. Not all wilderness areas = good.
a. Desert: desertification = a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasing arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife = loss of fertile soil in proximal areas. Human interference may be necessary and favorable = plant trees to prevent surface erosion whild develop certain areas for economic activities such as tourism.
b. Volcanos: not much natural wildlife = no worrying of endangering any species = excellent location for harvesting thermo-energy = less need for burning coal and petroleum = less pollution = save the environment.
Eg: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double helix
Eg：电影相关词语:Plot/ Storyline/ Discourse/ Protagonist/ Antagonist/ Prima donna
Laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas:
1. Extinction = direct or indirect result of human activities = will never see those species alive ever again
a. disruption of the natural ecological balance and the natural process of evolution = may lead to potentially larger ecological disaster.
b: loss of precious biological data for future studies = slower progress in the field of evolutionary biology.
Iss93: Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.
适应社会：个人是需要成功和社会认可度的。social animals = human nature 更加愿意帮助自己喜欢的人 = create一个 appealing image 帮助获得 success， being the money or reputation, as long as via effort to create the image的。
Eventually, the nature must be identified and should support the social expectation = not, diesppointment & criticism. In Chia, the startup business people = appealing image + titles* graduation from famous university such as Harvard, owns many companies = result: misuse their life credit / distort the market, sometimes, for me, they are committing crimes.
很多人认为：distort 自己的nature去迎合别人，其实会给自己带来不好的发展 = 因为欺骗到最后就不知道自己的True self了。 =with effort to makeup, gradually change our nature towards the better direction.
很多人认为：我们还是要display true self的， 因为这也属于自己的天性，1. 天性是天性，但是不代表着你要随时随地的给别人看。social respect好么？ 2. True self 会给人带来不好的result = frustration.
Creating appealing images:
1. Society: human nature to favor those who they like. either appearance or the inner nature = create appealing image = success = harmonies in the society: application both for personal success and for business success. 1. Personal success: good looking / appealing characters attract others, gain support and help from surroundings; 2/ Business eorld, enterpreneurs decolop attractive packages & designing = quickly conquer the market = success. (通用观点：人是社会动物）
2. Effort to create a more appealing image will eventually make us better people
3. True nature = necessary = but there is no need to reveal your truth at any time to anyone.
a. social animals need social harmonies = if others are not interested in the truth, then hide it and take the makeups.
b. Truth not necessarily benefical = frustration for the others and for yourself.
Reality and truth:
1. True nature cannot be hidden = examples in the business world：should the products not keep the appealing promises = problems / complains; makeups benefit for a shorter period = long term sustainable.
Iss38: It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.
No:
1. Social groups = a great diversity of characteristics : gathering of different individuals with same mentalities / demands / rituals / values = equal rights vs over powering = self confusion about my identity. Stereotypes alwats exist by pointing out that the boys should not spend much time with barbies. However, in the recent liberation / emancipation era, many bots bravely stand out to play with barbies in the public. Their identification of being a boy violates the stereotypes of the traditional social groups.
Yes:
1. Social animals = socialize for recognition = reinforce our confidence about our nature and behabiors = a better understanding of ourselves. Communication with social groups = find out their characteristics and belief of which we are convinced. For instance, the reason why we identify ourselves with the Chinese social group is not simply because we are born in China mainland, but more because of the cultural traditions and the Chinese mentality we share with each other. We define ourselves because we identify our selves with the groups.
No:
1. Social groups = a great diversity of characteristics gathering of different individuals with same mentalities / demands / rituals / values = equal rights vs over powering = self- confusion about my identity. Stereotype alwats exist by pointing out that the boys should not spend much time with barbies. However, ....out to plauy with barbies in the public. Their identification of being a boy violates the stereotypes of the traditional social groups.
2. Identifications with social groups = external confirmation. Definition of ourselves actually roots in the self- exploration of our mentality: trials, mistakes, misunderstandings = self-effort = self-relization. We do not and should not blindly follow the requirement of the external social groups to define who we are (cult)。
Iss138: Some prople believe that competetion for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.
* Absolutely good? No: overly focusing on high grades = problems.
1. Score talks = only studying on the theories, on the memorization without practice in the society = high scores but low intelligence;
2. Immoral pursue of the high score in the competition: cheating / plaglarism, even personal offense towards other students. There behaviours do impact the process of learning as copying does not equal to learning.
*High score:
1. Scores = generally acknowledged standards to evaluate the success of the education = competition for high score = students' effort = students could learn some important skills and knowledge in the process = good!
2. General standards for the company to evaluate and to select the right candidates for the company: companinies in the societies are faced with candidates from many schools, and the only reliable indicator of their capabilities in their academic scores on hte grades. After all, the company does not have the responsibility to teach the graduates, they just employ the best for more benefits;
3. Competition exists everywhere---you want to survive, then compete. This is the golden rule of the jungle. Social Darwinsm -----'' survival of the fittest''. The earlier you get used to compete, the better you can survive out in the real world. So, in my opinion, we cannot put any blame on the competition in school as the competition in the society may just be worse.
Eg: ADHA: attention - deflict hyperactivity disorder / OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder
Iss3: Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.
*教育是为了保证学生能够学到一定的知识和能力，未成功打下基础=学校有义务为了这个目标而进行相关的监督=学校的评价有一定的道理。（experts），因为他们有系统的知识和足够的信息对于学生做出一个比较公正客观外部评价。
* 但是学校的评价在一定程度上又是特别主观的： 首先，学校对于成功的定义可能与学生不一样，而学校基本都是follow academic standard 来定义成功的，但是这样的成功不一定是学生希望的，对于学生来说，exploration in the passion point and realization of the true self out of the academic fields = success; 其次，学校的评价忽略了学生的本身的兴趣和动力，passion & interest should be the best mentor = making the impossible into the possible.
* Educational institution = perodical influences in students' life journey = success 长期努力的结果，现在不一定成功，不代表将来没有成功的机会和可能性，我们看，在一开始的时候，social media /facebook 可能不是校方所认定的成功范畴之内的。我们不知道，也许当时学校不主张这样的trial， 所以Mark Zuckerberg chose to dropout. 所以，学校最好的做法是在可接受的范围内，support diversified pursue， 而不是不加选择地扼杀。
Iss17: Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.
Schrodinger's cat 薛定谔的猫
Determinism Vs. Uncertainty Principle
Photon's Duality: wave / particle {double slit experiment}
* Formal education = systematic theories +framed logic + respected authorities = mind flow channeled & strictly regulated = reseaches cober the necessary steps / formalities, many creative trials might be rejected / forbidden by the authorities = formal education =strictly guided us forward through a narrowed bridge = individuality / mind and spritis not desired.
* In a metamorphic sense, freedom = no absolute freedom "Baron de Montesquiev“ = freedom = especially academic freedom, which should be supported by certainregulations " Shakespeare's sonnets” written in the form of iambic pentameter, which strictly regulates the rhythm in each line, This restriction, although looks daunting at first, provides the great poet with room for creativity because of these rules. Without them, we would not deem the newly conjured words as works of creativity buy physics. With the dream of flying for centries, people have made numerous attempts in getting themselves floating in mid air without the need of jumping. Jet-steam backpacks, plastic wings and large nylon glides are ways of trying to achieve the goal within the limitation of gravity and air resistance, and the inventors of airlplains were regarded creative and smart in working with the limitations to build machine that literary free us from the ground.
* 我们要用dynamic 的perspective 来看这个事情，在一开始的时候，formal education ensures that people are equipped with the appropriate weapons for the adventure, which is the necessary stage every explorer should go through when she firstly enters the field. people would always define "flying" as the basic understanding of the freedom = getting rid of the gravity = freedom = flying freedom being supported by the wind. = free exploration into the academic community = systematic knowledge as life savers = formal education prepares & facilitates our free adventure. So, we could not therefore deny the ultimate goal of the formal education, which is the empowering of the individual exploration with her imagination and spritis.
Iss61: People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered it consequence.
Act right at once:
1. See the benefits = opportunities always come with right timing = arrives, then act at once = hesitation = miss out = the same opportunities might never come back again. Especially for the business world: first mover advantages vanish with hesitation = in China, McDonald's > KFC.
2. You never know it if you never tried it, you can alwats find a way to make up for the mistakes, but you will seldom encounter the same opportunity. Midas would have never known how much he loved his daughter had he not taken the risks to get the golden hand; the current LV mitigation strategies to restore the brand equity easily find the followers in recent years.... for risk preferred individuals like me, i.....
Act with considerations:
1. Evaluation on the risks: could people really take the risks? Mosyly, people are satisfied with short sightded satisfaction without a simple look into the future. The Midas Hand best illustrates such a point of biew. The great expansion of Louis Vuitton in China = quickly capture the increasing demand of the middle class to compete with the counter parts = icon for luxurious life, but later the brand value got diluted and most of the real powerful customers move away from LV to other brands = now decrease the store numbers in China.
Iss73: Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.
Yes:
1. Theortic analysis must find a way to testify the validity, and that practice has alwats been regarded as one standard approach : for business professors; practice in the business world = best Lydian stone / touch stones : professor's application > business candidates' trial: deliberately control the variables to highlight the factor the professor wants totestify. =shorter period with faster outcome. Porter's five forces theory = at least before 2015, Porter's business p[ractive successful and valuable in commrcial world.
2. Peorsonal development both for professors and students: academically + professionally respectively.
No:
1. risks: too much focus on the practical field = distraction for the professors and students: monetary seduction and interst orientation would dilute their willingness for academic exploration.
Stuill, about the requirement. On the one hand, not all the professors are willing to explore out into the non-academic worlds, gicven the possible distraction as mentioned previously.
Iss133: Claim: Knowing about the past cnanot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.
-Reason 能 支持 claim：
1. the world today is significantly more complex than it was evene in the relatively recent past..
现在和过去差的太多了：就解决问题的模式上他来说， 跟过去我们没有这么高科技的工具，所以我们只能更多的依赖人力，于是就衍生出很多相关的lobor force的一些生活哲学---这些对现在make decision 没有太大的相关的referfernce。
2. O2O： online to offline: innovation in many areas, especially in the business realm, it is really very hard to refer to the past experience. Smart phone: Nokia vs Apple, Symbian vs IOS: the launch of IPhone innovated the smartphone industry, and they did not and should not restrict themselves to the past industry development. *隔断出一个industry或者一个行业，他们过去的和现在的联系基本就没有，所以不能用过去的经验来对现在进行指导，还有教育行业。
1. 即使现在和过去是不一样的，是有很多的复杂性的，但我们也不能说，过去的经研究对于俩来一点作用都没有，现在是从过去发展起来的，我们现在的社会，每一个方面，都或多或少的课已找到一些过去的影子，而这些过去的attachment对于现在还是有很大的帮助的； 同推广，我们说现在的一些科技，过去关于relationship management 的theories 可能不应用在app上，但是我们不能忘记，app是由人design和use的，所以我们过去的这些realtionship management thiories还是可以找到很多的有用之处的。
* Job hunting: in the past, references from others: face to face communication; Now: online p[ortal, LinkedIn = no deny of the importance of the communication skills but still on a different platform = past experiences = still application for such areas.
* Team work: working under one roof, talk, work discuss, which were all previously dome in person, but now er use virtual communications to get our ideas across.
Iss113: Claim: the surest indicator of a great nation i s not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: the surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.
跟28题一样，因为claim和reason两个不同的观点，作者用观点来支持观点，所以这里claim和reason可以互换。
Iss152: The best wat to solve environment problems caused by consumenr generated waste is for towns and cities to impose etrict limits on the amount of trasg they will accept from each household.
1. Reaosnable to some exdtent: trash, too much trash, booming consumerism = over focusing on material sartisfaction: purchase many unnecessary / luxurious food / clothes / life support just for temporary satisfaction. Envitonment problems = over exploitation of the nature resources and inapporitate disposal of the trash escalates problems. Government regulates / guides the daily consumption would bring better conscientiousness for the environment. Oil / fossil fuels: exploitation of the limited resources to meet the increasing demand for the mobility; using these natural resources would bring pollution to the air in forms of sulfur dioxide (so2)emmision. This strict limit can surely increase people's awareness on environmental issuses.
2. Strict limits: what is the standard? Coinsider lots of complexities on average comsumption amount, special conditions of families, the number of people in each household *Regarding the application of fines for surpassing the daily limit,: there would be conflicts between rich families and poor families, which would have different daily consumption demand and pattern different. What to do with the extra amount of trash? If we apply a fine for the extra amount of trash one has to dispose, where is the social fairness? Rich families would be able to throw more whild poor families would really need to watch their purchases. If we do not have a fine but simply limiting the absolute amount of trash one can dispose, it kind of actts as an offensive into the private life. people have the right to allocate their legal incomes = public dissatisfaction = threaten the social stability vs liead to the fact that many consumers secretly dispose their trash, for instance, throw into the water, which would bring even greater damage to the environment.
3. Other approaches to reduce the impact of teash on environment problems * consumer generated trash: recycling with trash classification. *Germany: government and communities educate households to classify waste to better the recycling process: kitchen waste vs paper vs plastic vs green bottles vs brown bottles vs white bottles vs other bottles. More environmental-friendly trash would be easier and more conventient for them to throw wawt whild less environment-friendly trash would require longer travelling and more complicated process to get rid of. This can in fact regulate and guide the consuming behaviour; for those communities who act poorly in the classification, the government would charge certain fines to provide relevant servies.