第一周笔记

数据记载的发展历程
hand-writing -> file写入 -> Datebase(数据库)

The disadvantage of file-writing

  • Data redundancy and inconsistency(数据的冗余和不协调)
    冗余:同样的数据存了多份
  • Difficulty in accessing data
  • Data isolation
  • Integrity problem(数据完整性问题)
  • Atomic of update
  • Concurrent(并行) access by multiple users
  • Security problems

Data Abstraction

物理层(physical-level)—逻辑层(logical-level)—视图层(view-level)
最底层为物理层,其上是逻辑层,最上面是视图层,视图层存在多个。

Instance and Schema(模式) in database JUST LIKE Instance and Class in C++

Data Models

Data
Data relationships(同表数据、不同表、表与程序)
Data semantics(语义)
Data constrains(约束)

数据:增、删、改、查
DDL(data-definition-language 数据定义语言) & DML(data-manipulation-language 数据操作语言)

定义的完整性

1 Domain-Constraint(范围约束)
2 Referential-Integrity(指意完整)
3 Assertion(断言)
4 Authorization(授权)

SQL

Language(过程式(C) and 申明式(SQL))

  • SQL is the most widely used commercial language
  • SQL is not a Turing machine equivalent language(非图灵机语言)
  • To be able to compute complex functions SQL is usually embedded in some higher-level language

Database Design

Logical Design
  • business design
  • computer-science design
Physical Design

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