Spring MVC 框架搭建及详解

现在主流的Web MVC框架除了Struts这个主力 外,其次就是Spring MVC了,因此这也是作为一名程序员需要掌握的主流框架,框架选择多了,应对多变的需求和业务时,可实行的方案自然就多了。不过要想灵活运用Spring MVC来应对大多数的Web开发,就必须要掌握它的配置及原理。

  一、Spring MVC环境搭建:(Spring 2.5.6 + Hibernate 3.2.0)

  1. jar包引入

  Spring 2.5.6:spring.jar、spring-webmvc.jar、commons-logging.jar、cglib-nodep-2.1_3.jar

  Hibernate 3.6.8:hibernate3.jar、hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar、antlr-2.7.6.jar、commons-collections-3.1、dom4j-1.6.1.jar、javassist-3.12.0.GA.jar、jta-1.1.jar、slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar、slf4j-nop-1.6.4.jar、相应数据库的驱动jar包

  2. web.xml配置(部分)

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< servlet >
     < servlet-name >spring servlet-name >
     < servlet-class >org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet servlet-class >
    
     < load-on-startup >1 load-on-startup >
servlet >
 
< servlet-mapping >
     < servlet-name >spring servlet-name >
     < url-pattern >*.do url-pattern >
servlet-mapping >
   
 
 
< listener >
     < listener-class >org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener listener-class >
listener >
   
 
< context-param >
     < param-name >contextConfigLocation param-name >
     < param-value >classpath:config/applicationContext.xml param-value >
context-param >

  3. spring-servlet.xml配置

  spring-servlet这个名字是因为上面web.xml中标签配的值为spring(spring),再加上“-servlet”后缀而形成的spring-servlet.xml文件名,如果改为springMVC,对应的文件名则为springMVC-servlet.xml。

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xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    
        xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"    
         xmlns:context = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd  
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd  
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd  
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context href = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd" >http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd a >">
 
    
     < context:annotation-config />
 
    
     < context:component-scan base-package = "controller" > context:component-scan >
 
    
     < bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter" />
 
    
     < bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" p:prefix = "/jsp/" p:suffix = ".jsp" />
beans >

  4. applicationContext.xml配置

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xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
         xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xmlns:aop = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
         xmlns:tx = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
         xsi:schemaLocation="
             http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
             http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd
             http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd">
 
    
     < bean id = "sessionFactory" class = "org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean" >
         < property name = "configLocation" >
             < value >classpath:config/hibernate.cfg.xml value >
         property >
     bean >
     
    
     < bean id = "transactionManager" class = "org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager" >
         < property name = "sessionFactory" >
             < ref local = "sessionFactory" />
         property >
     bean >
     
    
     < tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager = "transactionManager" proxy-target-class = "true" />
 
   
    < bean id = "loginService" class = "service.LoginService" > bean >
 
    
     < bean id = "hibernateDao" class = "dao.HibernateDao" >
         < property name = "sessionFactory" ref = "sessionFactory" > property >
     bean >
beans >

 

  二、详解

  Spring MVC与Struts从原理上很相似(都是基于MVC架构),都有一个控制页面请求的Servlet,处理完后跳转页面。看如下代码(注解):

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package controller;
 
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 
import entity.User;
 
@Controller  //类似Struts的Action
public class TestController {
 
     @RequestMapping ( "test/login.do" )   // 请求url地址映射,类似Struts的action-mapping
     public String testLogin( @RequestParam (value= "username" )String username, String password, HttpServletRequest request) {
         // @RequestParam是指请求url地址映射中必须含有的参数(除非属性required=false)
         // @RequestParam可简写为:@RequestParam("username")
 
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password)) {
             return "loginError" // 跳转页面路径(默认为转发),该路径不需要包含spring-servlet配置文件中配置的前缀和后缀
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
 
     @RequestMapping ( "/test/login2.do" )
     public ModelAndView testLogin2(String username, String password,  int age){
         // request和response不必非要出现在方法中,如果用不上的话可以去掉
         // 参数的名称是与页面控件的name相匹配,参数类型会自动被转换
         
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age <  5 ) {
             return new ModelAndView( "loginError" );  // 手动实例化ModelAndView完成跳转页面(转发),效果等同于上面的方法返回字符串
         }
         return new ModelAndView( new RedirectView( "../index.jsp" ));   // 采用重定向方式跳转页面
         // 重定向还有一种简单写法
         // return new ModelAndView("redirect:../index.jsp");
     }
 
     @RequestMapping ( "/test/login3.do" )
     public ModelAndView testLogin3(User user) {
         // 同样支持参数为表单对象,类似于Struts的ActionForm,User不需要任何配置,直接写即可
         String username = user.getUsername();
         String password = user.getPassword();
         int age = user.getAge();
         
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age <  5 ) {
             return new ModelAndView( "loginError" );
         }
         return new ModelAndView( "loginSuccess" );
     }
 
     @Resource (name =  "loginService" )   // 获取applicationContext.xml中bean的id为loginService的,并注入
     private LoginService loginService;   //等价于spring传统注入方式写get和set方法,这样的好处是简洁工整,省去了不必要得代码
 
     @RequestMapping ( "/test/login4.do" )
     public String testLogin4(User user) {
         if (loginService.login(user) ==  false ) {
             return "loginError" ;
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
}

  以上4个方法示例,是一个Controller里含有不同的请求url,也可以采用一个url访问,通过url参数来区分访问不同的方法,代码如下:

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package controller;
 
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 
@Controller
@RequestMapping ( "/test2/login.do" )   // 指定唯一一个*.do请求关联到该Controller
public class TestController2 {
     
     @RequestMapping
     public String testLogin(String username, String password,  int age) {
         // 如果不加任何参数,则在请求/test2/login.do时,便默认执行该方法
         
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age <  5 ) {
             return "loginError" ;
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
 
     @RequestMapping (params =  "method=1" , method=RequestMethod.POST)
     public String testLogin2(String username, String password) {
         // 依据params的参数method的值来区分不同的调用方法
         // 可以指定页面请求方式的类型,默认为get请求
         
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password)) {
             return "loginError" ;
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
     
     @RequestMapping (params =  "method=2" )
     public String testLogin3(String username, String password,  int age) {
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age <  5 ) {
             return "loginError" ;
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
}

  其实RequestMapping在Class上,可看做是父Request请求url,而RequestMapping在方法上的可看做是子Request请求url,父子请求url最终会拼起来与页面请求url进行匹配,因此RequestMapping也可以这么写:

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package controller;
 
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
 
@Controller
@RequestMapping ( "/test3/*" )   // 父request请求url
public class TestController3 {
 
     @RequestMapping ( "login.do" )   // 子request请求url,拼接后等价于/test3/login.do
     public String testLogin(String username, String password,  int age) {
         if (! "admin" .equals(username) || ! "admin" .equals(password) || age <  5 ) {
             return "loginError" ;
         }
         return "loginSuccess" ;
     }
}

 

  三、结束语

  掌握以上这些Spring MVC就已经有了很好的基础了,几乎可应对与任何开发,在熟练掌握这些后,便可更深层次的灵活运用的技术,如多种视图技术,例如 Jsp、Velocity、Tiles、iText 和 POI。Spring MVC框架并不知道使用的视图,所以不会强迫您只使用 JSP 技术。

转自:http://blog.csdn.net/wangpeng047/article/details/6983027

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