2020美赛E题原题目+翻译

2020 ICM Weekend 1

Problem E: Drowning in Plastic

 

Since the 1950s, the manufacturing of plastics has grown exponentially because of its variety of uses, such as food packaging, consumer products, medical devices, and construction. While there are significant benefits, the negative implications associated with increased production of plastics are concerning. Plastic products do not readily break down, are difficult to dispose of, and only about 9% of plastics are recycled[1]. Effects can be seen by the approximately 4-12 million tons of plastic waste that enter the oceans each year[1,2]. Plastic waste has severe environmental consequences and it is predicted that if our current trends continue, the oceans will be filled with more plastic than fish by 2050[2]. The effect on marine life has been studied[3], but the effects on human health are not yet completely understood[4]. The rise of single-use and disposable plastic products results in entire industries dedicated to creating plastic waste. It also suggests that the amount of time the product is useful is significantly shorter than the time it takes to properly mitigate the plastic waste. Consequently, to solve the plastic waste problem, we need to slow down the flow of plastic production and improve how we manage plastic waste.

 

Your team has been hired by the International Council of Plastic Waste Management (ICM) to address this escalating environmental crisis. You must develop a plan to significantly reduce, if not eliminate, single-use and disposable plastic product waste.

• Develop a model to estimate the maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic product waste that can safely be mitigated without further environmental damage. You may need to consider, among many factors, the source of this waste, the extent of the current waste problem, and the availability of resources to process the waste.
• Discuss to what extent plastic waste can be reduced to reach an environmentally safe level. This may involve considering factors impacting the levels of plastic waste to include, but not limited to, sources and uses of single-use or disposable plastics, the availability of alternatives to plastics, the impact on the lives of citizens, or policies of cities, regions, countries, and continents to decrease single-use or disposable plastic and the effectiveness of such policies. These can vary between regions, so considering regional-specific constraints may make some policies more effective than others.
• Using your model and discussion, set a target for the minimal achievable level of global waste of single-use or disposable plastic products and discuss the impacts for achieving such levels. You may consider ways in which human life is altered, the environmental impacts, or the effects on the multi-trillion-dollar plastic industry.
• While this is a global problem, the causes and effects are not equally distributed across nations or regions. Discuss the equity issues that arise from the global crisis and your intended solutions. How do you suggest ICM address these issues?
• Write a two-page memo to the ICM describing a realistic global target minimum achievable level of global single-use or disposable plastic product waste, a timeline toreach this level, and any circumstances that may accelerate or hinder the achievement of your target and timeline.

Your submission should consist of:

• One-page Summary Sheet
• Table of Contents
• Two-page Memo
• Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 24 pages with your summary, table of contents, and two-page memo.

Note: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear after your completed solution. You should not make use of unauthorized images and materials whose use is restricted by copyright laws. Ensure you cite the sources for your ideas and the materials used in your report.

 

Glossary

Disposable Plastic Products: plastic materials or products that are not recyclable and become trash.

Mitigate: To make less severe, to moderate, to alleviate.

Plastic Waste: plastic objects that have not been recycled properly or cannot be recycled; debris made of plastic.

Single-Use Plastic Products: products made of plastic intended for one time use before being discarded.

 

Cited References

1. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782.
2. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., … & Law,
3. K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771.
4. Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566, 333-349.
5. Galloway T.S. (2015) Micro- and Nano-plastics and Human Health. In: Bergmann M., Gutow L., Klages M. (eds) Marine Anthropogenic Litter.

 

自20世纪50年代以来，塑料的生产由于其用途的多样化而呈指数级增长，如食品包装、消费品、医疗器械和建筑。虽然有显著的好处，但与塑料产量增加相关的负面影响令人担忧。塑料制品不容易分解，很难处理，只有约9%的塑料是回收的[1]。每年大约有400 - 1200万吨塑料垃圾进入海洋[1,2]。塑料垃圾对环境造成了严重的后果，据预测，如果我们目前的趋势继续下去，到2050年海洋里的塑料将比鱼还多。对海洋生物的影响已经研究过[3]，但对人类健康的影响还没有完全了解[4]。一次性和一次性塑料产品的兴起导致整个行业都致力于制造塑料垃圾。它还表明，该产品的有用时间远远短于适当减少塑料垃圾的时间。因此，为了解决塑料垃圾问题，我们需要放慢塑料生产的速度，改善我们对塑料垃圾的管理。

您的团队已被国际塑料废物管理委员会(ICM)聘请，以解决这一不断升级的环境危机。你必须制定一个计划来显著减少，如果不是消除，一次性使用和一次性塑料产品的浪费。

Develop 模型 估计 的 最大 水平 或 一次性 塑料 制品 废弃物 可以 安全地 减轻 环境 damage. 没有 进一步在众多因素中，您可能需要考虑这些废物的来源、当前废物问题的严重程度以及处理这些废物的资源的可用性。

Discuss 在 多大 程度 上 可以 减少 塑料 垃圾 达成 环保 安全 的 。这可能涉及到考虑因素影响塑料垃圾的水平,包括,但不限于,或一次性塑料的来源和用途,替代塑料的可用性,影响了居民的生活,或政策的城市,地区,国家和大洲减少一次性或一次性塑料和这些政策的有效性。这些可能因地区而异，因此考虑区域特定的约束可能使某些政策比其他政策更有效。

Using 最小 的 模型 和 discussion, 设定 了 一 个 目标 实现 程度 的 全球 浪费 一次性 或 一次性 塑料 制品 和 讨论 实现 levels. 等 的 影响你可以考虑人类生活被改变的方式，对环境的影响，或者对数万亿美元的塑料工业的影响。

While 这 是 一 个 全球 problem, 原因 和 影响 跨 国家 或 regions. 不是 均匀 分布 的讨论全球危机中出现的公平问题和你的解决方案。你建议ICM如何解决这些问题?

Write ICM 的 两 页 的 备忘录 描述 现实 的 全球 目标 最低 可 实现 的 水平 的 全球 一次性 或 一次性 塑料 制品 waste, 时间表

达到这个水平，以及任何可能加速或阻碍你的目标和时间表的实现的情况。

你的意见书应包括:

One-page Summary Sheet

Table Contents 的

Two-page Memo

Your 解决 最多 不 超过 20 pages, 24 页 summary, contents, 表 和 两 页 memo.

注意:参考列表和任何附录不计入页面限制，应在完成解决方案后显示。你不应该使用未经授权的图像和材料，其使用受到版权法的限制。确保你在报告中引用了你的观点和材料。

术语表

一次性塑料制品:指塑料材料或塑料制品不能循环利用而成为垃圾的制品。

减轻:减轻、缓和、减轻。

塑胶废物:没有妥善回收或不能回收的塑胶物品;塑料碎片。

一次性塑料制品:一次性使用的塑料制品。

引用参考文献

[1]盖尔,R。， Jambeck, J. R.， & Law, K. L.(2017)。所有塑料制品的生产、使用和命运。科学进展，3(7)，e1700782。

[2]Jambeck, J. R.， Geyer, R.， Wilcox, C.， Siegler, T. R.， Perryman, M.， Andrady, A.， A. & Law，

k . l . (2015)。塑料废物从陆地进入海洋。科学,347 (6223),768 - 771。

李文昌、谢海峰、霍林(2016)。海洋环境中的塑料废物:来源、发生和影响的综述。总环境科学，566,333-349。

[4]Galloway T.S.(2015)微纳米塑料与人类健康。In: Bergmann M.， Gutow L.， Klages M. (eds)海洋人为凋落物。