Android M 新的运行时权限开发者需要知道的一切

原文出处：http://jijiaxin89.com/2015/08/30/Android-s-Runtime-Permission/

PROTECTION_NORMAL类权限

当用户安装或更新应用时，系统将授予应用所请求的属于 PROTECTION_NORMAL 的所有权限（安装时授权的一类基本权限）。这类权限包括：

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android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE android.permission.ACCESS_WIMAX_STATE android.permission.BLUETOOTH android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE android.permission.CHANGE_WIMAX_STATE android.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARD android.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BAR android.permission.FLASHLIGHT android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_SIZE android.permission.INTERNET android.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS android.permission.NFC android.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGS android.permission.READ_SYNC_STATS android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED android.permission.REORDER_TASKS android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES android.permission.SET_TIME_ZONE android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ android.permission.TRANSMIT_IR android.permission.USE_FINGERPRINT android.permission.VIBRATE android.permission.WAKE_LOCK android.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS com.android.alarm.permission.SET_ALARM com.android.launcher.permission.INSTALL_SHORTCUT com.android.launcher.permission.UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT

只需要在AndroidManifest.xml中简单声明这些权限就好，安装时就授权。不需要每次使用时都检查权限，而且用户不能取消以上授权。

让你的app支持新运行时权限

是时候让我们的app支持新权限模型了，从设置compileSdkVersion andtargetSdkVersion 为 23开始吧.

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android { compileSdkVersion 23 ... defaultConfig { ... targetSdkVersion 23 ... }

例子，我想用一下方法添加联系人。

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private static final String TAG = "Contacts" ; private void insertDummyContact() { // Two operations are needed to insert a new contact. ArrayList operations = new ArrayList(2); // First, set up a new raw contact. ContentProviderOperation.Builder op = ContentProviderOperation.newInsert(ContactsContract.RawContacts.CONTENT_URI) .withValue(ContactsContract.RawContacts.ACCOUNT_TYPE, null ) .withValue(ContactsContract.RawContacts.ACCOUNT_NAME, null ); operations.add(op.build()); // Next, set the name for the contact. op = ContentProviderOperation.newInsert(ContactsContract.Data.CONTENT_URI) .withValueBackReference(ContactsContract.Data.RAW_CONTACT_ID, 0) .withValue(ContactsContract.Data.MIMETYPE, ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.StructuredName.CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE) .withValue(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.StructuredName.DISPLAY_NAME, "__DUMMY CONTACT from runtime permissions sample" ); operations.add(op.build()); // Apply the operations. ContentResolver resolver = getContentResolver(); try { resolver.applyBatch(ContactsContract.AUTHORITY, operations); } catch (RemoteException e) { Log.d(TAG, "Could not add a new contact: " + e.getMessage()); } catch (OperationApplicationException e) { Log.d(TAG, "Could not add a new contact: " + e.getMessage()); } }

上面代码需要WRITE_CONTACTS权限。如果不询问授权，app就崩了。
下一步像以前一样在AndroidManifest.xml添加声明权限。

1	"android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS" />

下一步，不得不再写个方法检查有没有权限。如果没有弹个对话框询问用户授权。然后你才可以下一步创建联系人。
权限被分组了，如下表：

同一组的任何一个权限被授权了，其他权限也自动被授权。例如，一旦WRITE_CONTACTS被授权了，app也有READ_CONTACTS和GET_ACCOUNTS了。
源码中被用来检查和请求权限的方法分别是Activity的checkSelfPermission和requestPermissions。这些方法api23引入。

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final private int REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS = 123; private void insertDummyContactWrapper() { int hasWriteContactsPermission = checkSelfPermission(Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS); if (hasWriteContactsPermission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { requestPermissions( new String[] {Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS}, REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS); return ; } insertDummyContact(); }

如果已有权限，insertDummyContact()会执行。否则，requestPermissions被执行来弹出请求授权对话框，如下：

不论用户同意还是拒绝，activity的onRequestPermissionsResult会被回调来通知结果（通过第三个参数），grantResults,如下：

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@Override public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) { switch (requestCode) { case REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS: if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { // Permission Granted insertDummyContact(); } else { // Permission Denied Toast.makeText(MainActivity. this , "WRITE_CONTACTS Denied" , Toast.LENGTH_SHORT) .show(); } break ; default : super .onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults); } }

这就是新权限模型工作过程。代码真复杂但是只能去习惯它。。。为了让app很好兼容新权限模型，你不得不用以上类似方法处理所有需要的情况。
如果你想捶墙，现在是时候了。。。

处理 “不再提醒”

如果用户拒绝某授权。下一次弹框，用户会有一个“不再提醒”的选项的来防止app以后继续请求授权。

如果这个选项在拒绝授权前被用户勾选了。下次为这个权限请求requestPermissions时，对话框就不弹出来了，结果就是，app啥都不干。
这 将是很差的用户体验，用户做了操作却得不到响应。这种情况需要好好处理一下。在请求requestPermissions前，我们需要检查是否需要展示请 求权限的提示通过activity的shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale，代码如下：

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final private int REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS = 123; private void insertDummyContactWrapper() { int hasWriteContactsPermission = checkSelfPermission(Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS); if (hasWriteContactsPermission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { if (!shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS)) { showMessageOKCancel( "You need to allow access to Contacts" , new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { requestPermissions( new String[] {Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS}, REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS); } }); return ; } requestPermissions( new String[] {Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS}, REQUEST_CODE_ASK_PERMISSIONS); return ; } insertDummyContact(); } private void showMessageOKCancel(String message, DialogInterface.OnClickListener okListener) { new AlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity. this ) .setMessage(message) .setPositiveButton( "OK" , okListener) .setNegativeButton( "Cancel" , null ) .create() .show(); }

当一个权限第一次被请求和用户标记过不再提醒的时候,我们写的对话框被展示。
后一种情况，onRequestPermissionsResult 会收到PERMISSION_DENIED ，系统询问对话框不展示。

搞定！

一次请求多个权限

当然了有时候需要好多权限，可以用上面方法一次请求多个权限。不要忘了为每个权限检查“不再提醒”的设置。
修改后的代码：

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final private int REQUEST_CODE_ASK_MULTIPLE_PERMISSIONS = 124; private void insertDummyContactWrapper() { List permissionsNeeded = new ArrayList(); final List permissionsList = new ArrayList(); if (!addPermission(permissionsList, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION)) permissionsNeeded.add( "GPS" ); if (!addPermission(permissionsList, Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)) permissionsNeeded.add( "Read Contacts" ); if (!addPermission(permissionsList, Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS)) permissionsNeeded.add( "Write Contacts" ); if (permissionsList.size() > 0) { if (permissionsNeeded.size() > 0) { // Need Rationale String message = "You need to grant access to " + permissionsNeeded.get(0); for (int i = 1; i < permissionsNeeded.size(); i++) message = message + ", " + permissionsNeeded.get(i); showMessageOKCancel(message, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { requestPermissions(permissionsList.toArray( new String[permissionsList.size()]), REQUEST_CODE_ASK_MULTIPLE_PERMISSIONS); } }); return ; } requestPermissions(permissionsList.toArray( new String[permissionsList.size()]), REQUEST_CODE_ASK_MULTIPLE_PERMISSIONS); return ; } insertDummyContact(); } private boolean addPermission(List permissionsList, String permission) { if (checkSelfPermission(permission) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { permissionsList.add(permission); // Check for Rationale Option if (!shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(permission)) return false ; } return true ; }

如果所有权限被授权，依然回调onRequestPermissionsResult，我用hashmap让代码整洁便于阅读。

@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) {
    switch (requestCode) {
        case REQUEST_CODE_ASK_MULTIPLE_PERMISSIONS:
            {
            Map perms = new HashMap();
            // Initial
            perms.put(Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION, PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);
            perms.put(Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS, PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);
            perms.put(Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS, PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);
            // Fill with results
            for (int i = 0; i < permissions.length; i++)
                perms.put(permissions[i], grantResults[i]);
            // Check for ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION
            if (perms.get(Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                    && perms.get(Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                    && perms.get(Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                // All Permissions Granted
                insertDummyContact();
            } else {
                // Permission Denied
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Some Permission is Denied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
                        .show();
            }
            }
            break;
        default:
            super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
    }
}

条件灵活的，你自己设置。有的情况，一个权限没有授权，就不可用；但是也有情况，能工作，但是表现的是有所限制的。对于这个我不做评价，你自己设计吧

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/2312644/blog/525392