OpenGL第三章 基础渲染+基本图元
一、opengl着色器
有三种向opengl着色器传递渲染数据类型：
1.属性。
2.uniform值。
在每个批次改变一次，而不是每个顶点改变一次。最常见的应用是在顶点渲染中设置变换矩阵。
要对几何图形进行渲染，我们需要为对象递交属性矩阵，但首先要绑定到我们想使用的着色器程序，并提供程序的Uniform值。GLShaderManager类可以（暂时）完成这项工作。
GLShaderManager::UseStockShader（GLenum shader，……）
GLenum shader：（1）单位着色器
（2）平面着色器
（3）上色着色器
（4）默认光源着色器（类似位于观察者位置的单漫射光所产生的效果）
（5）点光源着色器（需要4个uniform值：模型视图矩阵，投影矩阵，视点坐标系中的光源位置和对象 的基本色和将要使用的纹理单元）
（6）纹理替换矩阵
（7）纹理调整着色器
（8）纹理光源着色器（5个uniform值：模型视图矩阵，投影矩阵，视点坐标系中的光源位置和几何图形 的基本漫反射颜色）
3.纹理。
二、坐标系——两种常见投影
这些投影，实际上是一些4X4的变换矩阵。GLFrustum类作为投影矩阵的容器。
1.正投影。（2D绘图中使用。）
GLFrustum::SetOrthographic（）
2.透视投影。（近大远小）
GLFrustum::SetPerspective（）
三、将点连起来——opengl中的基本图元
七个：GL_POINT;点
GL_LINES;没对点相连
GL_LINE_STRIP;第一个顶点依次和后续顶点相连
GL_LINE_LOOP_GL_TRIANGLES;最后一个顶点和第一个顶点连接
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP;每三个点连接定义一个三角形
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP;共用一个条带上的顶点的一组三角形
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN；以一个圆心为中心呈扇形排列，共用相邻顶点
// Primitieves.cpp
// OpenGL SuperBible, Chapter 2
// Demonstrates the 7 Geometric Primitives
// Program by Richard S. Wright Jr.
#include // OpenGL toolkit
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define FREEGLUT_STATIC
#include
#include
/
// An assortment of needed classes
GLShaderManager shaderManager;
GLMatrixStack modelViewMatrix;
GLMatrixStack projectionMatrix;
GLFrame cameraFrame;
GLFrame objectFrame;
GLFrustum viewFrustum;
GLBatch pointBatch;
GLBatch lineBatch;
GLBatch lineStripBatch;
GLBatch lineLoopBatch;
GLBatch triangleBatch;
GLBatch triangleStripBatch;
GLBatch triangleFanBatch;
GLGeometryTransform transformPipeline;
M3DMatrix44f shadowMatrix;
GLfloat vGreen[] = { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
GLfloat vBlack[] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
// Keep track of effects step
int nStep = 0;
///
// This function does any needed initialization on the rendering context.
// This is the first opportunity to do any OpenGL related tasks.
void SetupRC()
{
// Black background
glClearColor(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f );
shaderManager.InitializeStockShaders();
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
transformPipeline.SetMatrixStacks(modelViewMatrix, projectionMatrix);
cameraFrame.MoveForward(-15.0f);
//
// Some points, more or less in the shape of Florida
GLfloat vCoast[24][3] = {{2.80, 1.20, 0.0 }, {2.0, 1.20, 0.0 },
{2.0, 1.08, 0.0 }, {2.0, 1.08, 0.0 },
{0.0, 0.80, 0.0 }, {-.32, 0.40, 0.0 },
{-.48, 0.2, 0.0 }, {-.40, 0.0, 0.0 },
{-.60, -.40, 0.0 }, {-.80, -.80, 0.0 },
{-.80, -1.4, 0.0 }, {-.40, -1.60, 0.0 },
{0.0, -1.20, 0.0 }, { .2, -.80, 0.0 },
{.48, -.40, 0.0 }, {.52, -.20, 0.0 },
{.48, .20, 0.0 }, {.80, .40, 0.0 },
{1.20, .80, 0.0 }, {1.60, .60, 0.0 },
{2.0, .60, 0.0 }, {2.2, .80, 0.0 },
{2.40, 1.0, 0.0 }, {2.80, 1.0, 0.0 }};
// Load point batch
pointBatch.Begin(GL_POINTS, 24);
pointBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
pointBatch.End();
// Load as a bunch of line segments
lineBatch.Begin(GL_LINES, 24);
lineBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
lineBatch.End();
// Load as a single line segment
lineStripBatch.Begin(GL_LINE_STRIP, 24);
lineStripBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
lineStripBatch.End();
// Single line, connect first and last points
lineLoopBatch.Begin(GL_LINE_LOOP, 24);
lineLoopBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
lineLoopBatch.End();
// For Triangles, we'll make a Pyramid
GLfloat vPyramid[12][3] = { -2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
-2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
-2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
-2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f};
triangleBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLES, 12);
triangleBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPyramid);
triangleBatch.End();
// For a Triangle fan, just a 6 sided hex. Raise the center up a bit
GLfloat vPoints[100][3]; // Scratch array, more than we need
int nVerts = 0;
GLfloat r = 3.0f;
vPoints[nVerts][0] = 0.0f;
vPoints[nVerts][1] = 0.0f;
vPoints[nVerts][2] = 0.0f;
for(GLfloat angle = 0; angle < M3D_2PI; angle += M3D_2PI / 6.0f) {
nVerts++;
vPoints[nVerts][0] = float(cos(angle)) * r;
vPoints[nVerts][1] = float(sin(angle)) * r;
vPoints[nVerts][2] = -0.5f;
}
// Close the fan
nVerts++;
vPoints[nVerts][0] = r;
vPoints[nVerts][1] = 0;
vPoints[nVerts][2] = 0.0f;
// Load it up
triangleFanBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 8);
triangleFanBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPoints);
triangleFanBatch.End();
// For triangle strips, a little ring or cylinder segment
int iCounter = 0;
GLfloat radius = 3.0f;
for(GLfloat angle = 0.0f; angle <= (2.0f*M3D_PI); angle += 0.3f)
{
GLfloat x = radius * sin(angle);
GLfloat y = radius * cos(angle);
// Specify the point and move the Z value up a little
vPoints[iCounter][0] = x;
vPoints[iCounter][1] = y;
vPoints[iCounter][2] = -0.5;
iCounter++;
vPoints[iCounter][0] = x;
vPoints[iCounter][1] = y;
vPoints[iCounter][2] = 0.5;
iCounter++;
}
// Close up the loop
vPoints[iCounter][0] = vPoints[0][0];
vPoints[iCounter][1] = vPoints[0][1];
vPoints[iCounter][2] = -0.5;
iCounter++;
vPoints[iCounter][0] = vPoints[1][0];
vPoints[iCounter][1] = vPoints[1][1];
vPoints[iCounter][2] = 0.5;
iCounter++;
// Load the triangle strip
triangleStripBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, iCounter);
triangleStripBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPoints);
triangleStripBatch.End();
}
/
void DrawWireFramedBatch(GLBatch* pBatch)
{
// Draw the batch solid green
shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vGreen);
pBatch->Draw();
// Draw black outline
glPolygonOffset(-1.0f, -1.0f); // Shift depth values
glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE);
// Draw lines antialiased
glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
// Draw black wireframe version of geometry
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
glLineWidth(2.5f);
shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vBlack);
pBatch->Draw();
// Put everything back the way we found it
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
glDisable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE);
glLineWidth(1.0f);
glDisable(GL_BLEND);
glDisable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH);
}
///
// Called to draw scene
void RenderScene(void)
{
// Clear the window with current clearing color
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT);
modelViewMatrix.PushMatrix();
M3DMatrix44f mCamera;
cameraFrame.GetCameraMatrix(mCamera);
modelViewMatrix.MultMatrix(mCamera);
M3DMatrix44f mObjectFrame;
objectFrame.GetMatrix(mObjectFrame);
modelViewMatrix.MultMatrix(mObjectFrame);
shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vBlack);
switch(nStep) {
case 0:
glPointSize(4.0f);
pointBatch.Draw();
glPointSize(1.0f);
break;
case 1:
glLineWidth(2.0f);
lineBatch.Draw();
glLineWidth(1.0f);
break;
case 2:
glLineWidth(2.0f);
lineStripBatch.Draw();
glLineWidth(1.0f);
break;
case 3:
glLineWidth(2.0f);
lineLoopBatch.Draw();
glLineWidth(1.0f);
break;
case 4:
DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleBatch);
break;
case 5:
DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleStripBatch);
break;
case 6:
DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleFanBatch);
break;
}
modelViewMatrix.PopMatrix();
// Flush drawing commands
glutSwapBuffers();
}
// Respond to arrow keys by moving the camera frame of reference
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(-5.0f), 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(5.0f), 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
if(key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT)
objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(-5.0f), 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
if(key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT)
objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(5.0f), 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glutPostRedisplay();
}
///
// A normal ASCII key has been pressed.
// In this case, advance the scene when the space bar is pressed
void KeyPressFunc(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == 32)
{
nStep++;
if(nStep > 6)
nStep = 0;
}
switch(nStep)
{
case 0:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_POINTS");
break;
case 1:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINES");
break;
case 2:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINE_STRIP");
break;
case 3:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINE_LOOP");
break;
case 4:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLES");
break;
case 5:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP");
break;
case 6:
glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLE_FAN");
break;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
///
// Window has changed size, or has just been created. In either case, we need
// to use the window dimensions to set the viewport and the projection matrix.
void ChangeSize(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
viewFrustum.SetPerspective(35.0f, float(w) / float(h), 1.0f, 500.0f);
projectionMatrix.LoadMatrix(viewFrustum.GetProjectionMatrix());
modelViewMatrix.LoadIdentity();
}
///
// Main entry point for GLUT based programs
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
gltSetWorkingDirectory(argv[0]);
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_STENCIL);
glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
glutCreateWindow("GL_POINTS");
glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize);
glutKeyboardFunc(KeyPressFunc);
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene);
GLenum err = glewInit();
if (GLEW_OK != err) {
fprintf(stderr, "GLEW Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err));
return 1;
}
SetupRC();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
1、GLFrame 参考这篇博文：https://blog.csdn.net/fyyyr/article/details/79298664。大概GLFrame叫参考帧，其中存储了1个世界坐标点和2个世界坐标下的方向向量，也就是9个glFloat值，分别用来表示：当前位置点，向前方向向量，向上方向向量。
2、然后代码定义一系列的GLBatch，分别用来渲染不同的形状。
3、void DrawWireFramedBatch(GLBatch* pBatch) 为不同的图形pBatch画线框。
大概就是，如果没有这个函数，花了很多三角，涂色后看不出三角的形状。