概述
说实话，读这本书之前没有太大期望。哈哈，我的固有思维模式（paradigm) 又不定期发作了。认为刻意练习，就是想掌握某项技能，想成为行家，就花时间练呗。这种固有思维模式会让人失去探究的兴趣，要不得!
这个世界上有很多人拥有我们超乎想像的能力，这种能力令人羡慕，但是这能力是可以通过有效的练习达成。有效的练习是刻意练习（deliberate practice）。
在平时的生活中，我们会学习各式各样的技能，比如我，打羽毛球、弹古筝、学英文、阅读、写作、摄影、画画，学习各种自己有兴趣的东西。如果我们在学习某项技能的时候不是刻意练习，那我们是什么练习方法？那我的练习方法是什么？
作者在第一章给出了答案，让我有一种豁然开朗的感觉。原来自己的练习方法有的是“天真练习”，有的是“有目的的练习”，但是好象真的没有“刻意练习”。
第一章需要区分的三个概念：天真练习，有目的的练习，刻意练习
一.天真练习(naive pracice): 这是我们大部分人的学习新技能的方法。
作者举的例子是学网球的例子，一句话总结就是：傻乎乎地机械式重复练习。找个教练或者是从网站找教材学习，按指导学习，达到某个令你满意的水平。
This is naive practice in a nutshell: I just played it. I just swung the bat and tried to hit the ball. I just listened to the numbers and tried to remember them. I just read the math problems and tried to solve them.
在我学习的几项技中打羽毛球、弹古筝，摄影都属于这一类天真练习。
羽毛球：初学的时候找教练，有了进步后，找队伍打了一阵子，有一定基础后找提高班的继续练习，然后就开始跟正式队伍打球，每周一次。在女生中水平算可以的，自己觉得很满意，就这样打了两年球。虽然每周去打球，但这两年一点进步都没有。
再说摄影：几年前自学的时，每周都拍每周拍好几次片子，还跟朋友交流，不到一年半，就拿到getty image签约摄影师，获得这个认可后，就没动力了，就开始三天打渔两天晒网，一年连一张片子都不拍。现在拍的还不如两年前的好。
说多了都是泪，我以前都没意识到这竟然是这么傻逼的天真练习。
二.有目的的练习（purposeful practice)
有目的的练习是通往刻意练习的必经之路，比天真练习有效。四个关键词：清晰的目标、可执行的计划、专注、反馈、走出舒式区，缺一不可。它不再是傻傻地机械重复练习。
Purposeful practice has several characteristics that set it apart from what we might call “naive practice,” which is essentially just doing something repeatedly, and expecting that the repetition alone will improve one’s performance.
So here we have purposeful practice in a nutshell: Get outside your comfort zone but do it in a focused way, with clear goals, a plan for reaching those goals, and a way to monitor your progress. Oh, and figure out a way to maintain your motivation.
其中有两个地方要注意：
1. 清晰的目标之后，必须有可执行，可细化的计划。
计划要怎么细化呢？要明白你需要提高什么，要弄白如何才能达成。
以打球为例，可以细化到如下：
“That’s a reasonably specific goal, but you need to break it down even more: What exactly will you do to increase the number of successful drives? You will need to figure out why so many of your drives are not landing in the fairway and address that by, for instance, working to reduce your tendency to hook the ball. How do you do that?”
2. 必须要走出舒适区
This is a fundamental truth about any sort of practice: If you never push yourself beyond your comfort zone, you will never improve.
我们在练习一项技能的时候都会遇到瓶颈，遇到瓶颈后，这是要正常不过事情，我们要做不是try harder, 而是try different。
但是大部分人在瓶颈面前选择了放弃，停止提高。这也是我为什么有这么多技能，然而大多数技能都是平庸的原因。
In all of my years of research, I have found it is surprisingly rare to get clear evidence in any field that a person has reached some immutable limit on performance. Instead, I’ve found that people more often just give up and stop trying to improve.
有时候我们不能突破自己的极限是因为心理原因。
在我的爱好中，英语学习和阅读我是有目的的练习，所以在持续不断提高。
三.刻意练习
当然有目的的练习也是有局限性的，虽然有目的的练是刻意练习，我们的终极目标是刻意练习。
两者是有显著区别的，这就是为什么作者的第二个实验对象Renée不成功，而第三个实验对象Dario Donatelli成功复制并超越了Steve的原因。
我现在对接下来的内容充满了兴趣。
我敢肯定，我还没有什么技能是刻意练习的。
Words
1. recipe: 在这一章有两个不同意思，这个两个用法，我基本上在平时不会想到用，但真的很地道。忘掉菜谱吧。
原文（1)：This recipe is an excellent start for anyone who wishes to improve—but it is still just a start.
原文（2)：That is a recipe for stagnation, not improvement.
句（1) recipe是方法；秘诀；诀窍，a method or an idea that seems likely to have a particular result用法是 recipe for sth
句（2) recipe是原因：If you say that something isa recipe fora particular situation, you mean that it is likely to result in that situation.
2. come at sb/sth
原文：The best way to get past any barrier is to come at it from a different direction, which is one reason it is useful to work with a teacher or coach.
come at : to begin to deal with or think about (something)
这个词组挺形象，要想想决问题，你就得靠近这个问题，否则就躲得远远的。
Sometimes, we need to come at probles from different position.
3. cold
原文：But sometimes you run into something that stops you cold and it seems like you’ll never be able to do it.
cold在这里是副词，completely; entirely，又是一个超级形像的词，stop you cold
4. caveat
原文：One caveat here is that while it is always possible to keep going and keep improving...
A caveat is a warning of a specific limitation of something such as information or an agreement.