Architecture that's built to heal
治愈之屋
L8-U3-P2: Healing Architecture 1
1
Every weekend for as long as I can remember, my father would get up on a Saturday,
自我记事起，每一周，我的父亲都会在周六起床，
2
put on a worn sweatshirt and he'd scrape away at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.
穿上一个旧运动衫，刮干净我们所住的那个嘎吱作响的旧房子的外墙皮。
这里的the squeaky old wheel of a house意思是这房子太破了，破到他父亲忍不住去修葺。他父亲scrape away的应该就是外面那种皱巴巴的墙壁，下一句的那个图是他父亲在重新粉刷刮在此处蹭干净的外墙。
scrape v. 用工具刮；刮掉
squeaky adj. 嘎吱作响的
eg：I'll scrape all the squeaky walls.
The squeaky wheel gets the grease=会哭的孩子有奶吃
3
I wouldn't even call it restoration; it was a ritual, catharsis.
这甚至不能被称为修复；这是一种仪式，一种宣泄。
ritual n. 仪式；惯例；礼制
catharsis n. [医] 泻法，导泻；净化；精神发泄
eg：Eating too much junk food at a time is a cathartic ritual.
4
He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun and a spackle knife,
他会花一整年用旧的热风枪和一个刮刀来刮漆，
热风枪用来加热油漆，然后刮刀把加热后熔融状态的油漆刮掉。
heat gun
spackle knief
5
and then he would repaint where he scraped, only to begin again the following year.
然后他会在刮干净的地方再次刷漆，然后下一年重复本次操作。
6
Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting: the work of an old house is never meant to be done.
刮完再刮，刷完再刷：老房子的工作永无止境。
7
The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.
我父亲52岁那天，我接到了一个家里的电话。
8
My mother was on the line to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach
在电话中我的母亲告诉我，医生发现他的胃里有一个肿块
9
-- terminal cancer, she told me, and he had been given only 3 weeks to live.
-- 癌症晚期，她告诉我，他只能活3周了。
10
I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York, to sit with my father on death watch, not knowing what the next days would bring us.
我立刻搬家到了纽约的波基普西，在最后的时刻与我父亲坐在一起，不知道接下来的日子会带给我们什么。
11
To keep myself distracted, I rolled up my sleeves, and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete -- the restoration of our old home.
为了让自己转移注意力，我卷起袖子，开始去完成他现在无法完成的事 -- 修复我们的老房子。
12
When that looming three-week deadline came and then went, he was still alive.
3周的死亡线慢慢逼近，然后过去，他依然活着。
looming adj. （不希望或不愉快的事情）逼近的
13
And at 3 months, he joined me. We gutted and repainted the interior.
3个月的时候，他和我一起来修房子了。我们拆除并重新粉刷了房子内部。
gut vt. 取出内脏；摧毁（建筑物等）的内部
14
At 6 months, the old windows were refinished, and at 18 months, the rotted porch was finally replaced.
在6个月的时候，旧窗户重新装修好了，18个月的时候，腐朽的门廊被替换了。
rotted 腐烂的
porch n. 门廊；走廊
15
And there was my father, standing with me outside, admiring a day's work, hair on his head, fully in remission,
我的父亲和我一起站在外面，欣赏着一天的劳动成果，容光焕发，
癌症晚期的人头发都会慢慢掉光，而他父亲头上还有头发。
remission n. 缓解；宽恕；豁免
eg：Any companies want the tax remission.
16
when he turned to me and he said, "You know, Michael, this house saved my life."
他看向我说道：“你知道吗，Michael，这个房子救了我一命。”
L8-U3-P2: Healing Architecture 2
17
So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.
所以第二年，我决定就读建筑学院。
18
But there, I learned something different about buildings.
但在那，关于建筑我学到了些不同的东西。
19
Recognition seemed to come to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms, like ribbons, or ... pickles?
人们对于建筑的认知似乎最先来源于那些新颖的、像雕塑一样的建筑，比如丝带，或者说腌黄瓜条？
pickle n. 泡菜；盐卤；腌制食品
根据pickles的谷歌搜索结果来看，美国人泡菜主要成分是黄瓜，所以pickles似乎也可以指腌黄瓜条，而图中那个建筑看上去也像个黄瓜。
pickles
20
And I think this is supposed to be a snail.
并且我想这应该是个蜗牛。
21
Something about this bothered me.
这些东西让我很困惑。
22
Why was it that the best architects, the greatest architecture -- all beautiful and visionary and innovative
为啥最棒的建筑师，最伟大的建筑 -- 都很漂亮、气派并且有创意
23
-- is also so rare, and seems to serve so very few?
-- 也很稀少，所面向的人群也很少？
24
And more to the point: With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?
说得更直白点：我们还能用这些创造性才能做些什么？
25
Just as I was about to start my final exams, I decided to take a break from an all-nighter
刚好就在我要开始期末考试的时候，我决定在熬了一夜后休息片刻
26
and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer, a leading health activist for the global poor.
然后去了Paul Farmer博士的一个讲座，他是一个为世界贫穷而工作的主流健康行动者。
27
and I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.
我很惊讶能够听到一个博士在谈论建筑。
28
Buildings are making people sicker, he said, and for the poorest in the world, this is causing epidemic-level problems.
建筑使人病情加重，他说，对世界上最贫穷的地方来说，这正在造成流感级别的问题。
29
In this hospital in South Africa, patients that came in with, say, a broken leg, to wait in this unventilated hallway,
在南非的医院，腿骨折的病人进来后，只能在这个不通风的走廊等待治疗，
30
walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.
而这会让他们在离开后患有多种抗药性的肺结核病。
strand n. 线；串；海滨
tuberculosis n. 肺结核；结核病
31
Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about, and people had died because of it.
他们从未考虑过感染防控的简单设计，而人们也因此而死。
32
"Where are the architects?" Paul said.
“建筑师们在哪？”Paul质问道。
33
If hospitals are making people sicker, where are the architects and designers to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?
如果医院使得人们病情加重，那些能够帮助我们建筑和设计出让我们痊愈的建筑师和设计师们在哪？
34
That following summer, I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates, bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.
第二年的夏天，我和一些同学坐在路虎车后座上，一路颠簸在卢旺达的山上。
35
For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse, which was a jail after the genocide.
第二年，我居住在布塔罗的旧宾馆中，在大屠杀后这是个监狱。
jail n. 监狱；监牢；拘留所
genocide n. 种族灭绝；灭绝整个种族的大屠杀
36
And I was there to design and build a new type of hospital with Dr. Farmer and his team.
就在那，我和Farmer博士以及他的团队设计和建造了一个新的医院。
37
If hallways are making patients sicker,
如果走廊让病人病情加重，
38
what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside, and makes people walk in the exterior?
如果我们把走廊挪到外面，并让人们在外面行走，建造这样的一个医院如何呢？
39
If mechanical systems rarely work, what if we could design a hospital that could breathe through natural ventilation,
如果机械系统不咋顶用，那么我们建造一个能够呼吸到外面自然空气的医院如何呢？
40
and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?
并同时减少对环境的破坏？
减少environmental footprint就是减少对自然资源的消耗。
environmental footprint
41
And what about the patients' experience?
病人的体验如何呢？
42
Evidence shows that a simple view of nature can radically improve health outcomes,
有证据表面仅仅看一眼大自然就能在很大程度上改善病人健康状况，
43
So why couldn't we design a hospital where every patient had a window with a view?
所以我们为什么不能建造一个医院，让每个病人都有一扇看到大自然的窗户？
44
Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.
简单、本土化的设计能够让一个医院治愈好病人。
45
Designing it is one thing; getting it built, we learned, is quite another.
设计它是一件事；把它造出来，是另一件事，这是我们所学到的。
46
We worked with Bruce Nizeye, a brilliant engineer, and he thought about construction differently than I had been taught in school.
我们与Bruce Nizeye一同工作，他是位杰出的工程师，他对建筑的理解和我在学校学到的完全不一样。
47
When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to site,
我们需要挖掘这个巨大的山顶，但是一个推土机很贵，也很难开到这来，
bulldozer n. 推土机；欺凌者，威吓者
48
Bruce suggested doing it by hand, using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe," which means "community works for the community."
Bruce建议手工挖掘，使用一种在卢旺达被称作"Ubudehe"的工具，它的意思是"取之于民，用之于民。"
49
Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes, and we excavated that hill in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.
成百上千人带着铁锹和锄头来了，我们挖这个山，只花费推土机方案的一半时间和资金。
shovel n. 铁铲；一铲的量；铲车
hoe n. 锄头，（长柄）锄
50
Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild, and he brought in master carpenters to train others in how to make furniture by hand.
我们没有往这运家具，Bruce创建了一个工会，他带来了一些木匠师傅，让他们去训练其它人手工制作家具。
guild n. 协会，行会；同业公会
51
And on this job site, 15 years after the Rwandan genocide,
这这个工作现场，卢旺达大屠杀的15年后，
52
Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds, and that half of them be women.
Bruce坚持我们雇佣不同背景的劳动力，而他们中的一半是女性。
L8-U3-P2: Healing Architecture 3
53
Bruce was using the process of building to heal, not just for those who were sick, but for the entire community as a whole.
Bruce使用建筑的过程去治愈人们，不止是为了那些患病的人，更是为了这整个社区。
54
We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab," and it has 4 pillars:
我们称之为建筑的本土化制造方式，或者叫"因地制宜"，它有4个基本要求：
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hire locally, source regionally, train where you can and most importantly,
当地雇佣，就地取材，就地培训，以及最重要的，
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think about every design decision as an opportunity to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.
全员参与，精益求精。
这句话直译：把每一次设计决策当作一次维护当地尊严的机会。
57
Think of it like the local food movement, but for architecture.
把它想象成当地食物运输，只不过是建筑方面的。
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And we're convinced that this way of building can be replicated across the world,
我们相信这种建筑方式能够在世界范围推广，
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and change the way we talk about and evaluate architecture.
并且改变我们谈论和评估建筑的方式。
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Using the lo-fab way of building, even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.
使用因地制宜的建筑方式，使得美学鉴定能影响人们的生活。
aesthetic adj. 美的；美学的；审美的，具有审美趣味的
eg：The process of aesthetic of you is the building process of your world view.
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In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone found in abundance within the area, but often considered a nuisance by farmers, and piled on the side of the road.
在布塔罗，我们选择使用一种在当地随处可见的火山石，但它们通常被农民们当作累赘，并堆在路旁。
nuisance n. 讨厌的人；损害；麻烦事；讨厌的东西
62
We worked with these masons to cut these stones and form them into the walls of the hospital.
我们和那些石匠一起，切割那些石块，把它们做成医院的围墙。
mason n. 泥瓦匠；石工
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And when they began on this corner and wrapped around the entire hospital,
他们从这一角开始，环绕整个医院，
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they were so good at putting these stones together, they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.
他们很乐于把那些石块堆一起，他们问我们是否可以把旧的墙拆了重建。
65
And you see what is possible. It's beautiful.
我看行。它美极了。
66
And the beauty, to me, comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,
对我来说，这种美来自于用纯手工切割石头，
67
and they formed them into this thick wall, made only in this place with rocks from this soil.
然后把它们打造成厚墙壁，这一切只能在这里发生。
68
When you go outside today and you look at your built world, ask not only: "What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question
当你今天走在外面，看向你亲手创建的世界，问的不只是："它的环境破坏大吗？" -- 这是个重要的问题
69
-- but what if we also asked, "What is the human handprint of those who made it?"
同样也要问："这些建筑为人类做了什么？"
70
We started a new practice based around these questions, and we tested it around the world.
在那些问题的基础上，我开始在全世界测试一项新的练习。
71
Like in Haiti, where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.
比如在海地，我们想看看一个新的医院是否有助于终止霍乱流感。
72
In this 100-bed hospital, we designed a simple strategy to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,
在这个有100个床位的医院，我们设计了一个简单的策略，使得水进入泄水台前能被清除医疗废弃杂质，
73
and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO are already saving lives because of it.
我们的搭档在莱斯中心GHESKIO已经用它在拯救生命了。
GHESKIO官网首页
74
Or Malawi: we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce maternal and infant mortality.
或者在马拉维：我们在想一个生育中心是否能极大地降低产妇和婴儿的死亡率。
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Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death in the world.
马拉维是世界上产妇和婴儿死亡率最高的地方之一。
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Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,
使用一个简单的策略，在全国复制，
77
we designed a birthing center that would attract women and their attendants to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.
我们设计了一个生育中心，它能吸引产妇和她们的家属尽早前来就医，这样她们的分娩就会更安全。
78
Or in the Congo, where we asked if an educational center could also be used to protect endangered wildlife.
在刚果，我们在想一个教育中心能否也被用来保护濒临灭绝的野生动物。
79
Poaching for ivory and bushmeat is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.
偷猎象牙和野味会导致世界流感，疾病传染和战争。
poach vt. 水煮；偷猎；窃取；把…踏成泥浆
ivory n. 象牙；乳白色；长牙
bushmeat n. 野味
80
In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,
在世界上最难抵达地方之一，
81
we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us to construct a center that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.
我们使用周围的泥土和木头去建造一个中心，用来教育我们去保护我们丰富的生物多样性。
biodiversity n. 生物多样性
82
Even here in the US, we were asked to rethink the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.
即使在美国，我们也被要求重新去思考世界上最大的听力障碍学校。
83
The deaf community, through sign language, shows us the power of visual communication.
这个聋人社区，通过手语，给我们展示了视觉沟通的力量。
84
We designed a campus that would awaken the ways in which we as humans all communicate, both verbally and nonverbally.
我们设计了一个校园，唤醒了我们作为人类的沟通方式，无论是有声还是无声的。
85
And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown, we thought about old industrial infrastructure.
即使在我的家乡波基普西，我们也思考了下过时的工业基础设施。
86
We wondered: Could we use arts and culture and design
我们在想：我们能否使用美术、文化和设计
87
to revitalize this city and other Rust Belt cities across our nation, and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?
使这个城市和这个国家的其它铁锈区焕发生机，并把它们打造成创新和发展的中心？
revitalize vt. 使…复活；使…复兴；使…恢复生气
Rust Belt 铁锈地带（指从前工业繁盛今已衰落的发达国家一些地区）
88
In each of these projects, we asked a simple question: What more can architecture do?
在每一个项目中，我们都会问一个简单的问题：这些建筑还能起到些什么作用呢？
89
And by asking that question, we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,
通过问这个问题，我们需要去思考我们怎样才能创造工作岗位，
90
how we could source regionally and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities in which we serve.
我们如何就地取材，并让当地人全员参与社区建设。
91
I have learned that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.
我发现建筑能够成为变革动力的引擎。
L8-U3-P2: Healing Architecture 4
92
About a year ago, I read an article about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader named Bryan Stevenson.
大概1年前，我读到了一篇关于一个不知疲倦、勇敢无畏的人权运动领导者的文章，他的名字叫Bryan Stevenson。
intrepid adj. 无畏的；勇敢的；勇猛的
93
And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.
Bryan有一个大胆的建筑构想。
94
He and his team had been documenting the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans that have happened in the American South.
他的他的团队记录了超过4000起，发生在美国南部的非裔美国人私刑事件。
lynching n. 处以私刑；处私刑杀害
95
And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,
他们有一个计划，去标记发生私刑事件的每一个县，
96
and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching in Montgomery, Alabama.
并在亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利市为这些私刑的受害者建立一个国家纪念碑。
97
Countries like Germany and South Africa and, of course, Rwanda, have found it necessary to build memorials to reflect on the atrocities of their past,
像德国、南非、卢旺达这些国家发现，建立纪念碑去反映过去的暴行是很有必要的，
atrocity n. 暴行；凶恶，残暴
98
in order to heal their national psyche.
而这一切是为了抚慰民众的灵魂。
psyche n. 灵魂；心智
99
We have yet to do this in the United States.
在美国，我们现在还没有这么做。
100
So I sent a cold email to [email protected]: "Dear Bryan," it said,
所以我给[email protected]这个地址发了一封陌生邮件，写道：亲爱的Bryan，
101
"I think your building project is maybe the most important project we could do in America and could change the way we think about racial injustice.
我认为你的建筑项目或许对美国来说也非常重要，它会改变我们对种族歧视的看法。
102
By any chance, do you know who will design it?"
或许，咱们可以一起操作一下？
103
Surprisingly, shockingly, Bryan got right back to me, and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.
令我惊讶的是，Bryan很快回复了我，并邀请我和他的团队见面详谈。
104
Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.
我当机立断，取消了所有的会议，飞速上机飞往阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市。
105
When I got there, Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.
当我到了那，Bryan和他的团队来接我，然后我们步行在这个城市。
106
And they took the time to point out the many markers that have been placed all over the city to the history of the Confederacy,
他们花了很多时间指出在城市各处放置的关于南部联盟历史的标记，
美国南北战争时，北部主张废除黑奴制度，南方主张不废除。
107
and the very few that mark the history of slavery.
但是关于奴隶的历史标记很少。
108
And then he walked me to a hill.
然后他带我来到了一个山上。
109
It overlooked the whole city.
在这能俯瞰整个城市。
110
He pointed out the river and the train tracks where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America had once prospered.
他指向了这条河和铁轨，当时美国最大的国内奴隶交易港口在这曾繁荣过。
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And then to the Capitol rotunda, where George Wallace had stood on its steps and proclaimed, "Segregation forever."
然后是这个圆形国会大厦，当年George Wallace站在台阶上宣布：“永远隔离。”
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And then to the very hill below us. He said, "Here we will build a new memorial that will change the identity of this city and of this nation."
然后是我们所在的这个小山。他说：“在这里，我们将要建立一个新的纪念馆，它将改变这个城市乃至这个国家的身份。”
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Our two teams have worked together over the last year to design this memorial.
我们两支团队在去年共同去设计这个纪念堂。
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The memorial will take us on a journey through a classical, almost familiar building type, like the Parthenon or the colonnade at the Vatican.
这个纪念堂给人一种古典的、很熟悉的建筑风格，就像帕特农神庙或者梵蒂冈的柱廊。
colonnade n. [建] 柱廊
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But as we enter, the ground drops below us and our perception shifts,
当我们进入这里时，地面逐渐下沉，我们的视角渐渐变化，
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where we realize that these columns evoke the lynchings, which happened in the public square.
使我们意识到那些柱子与发生在公共广场的私刑事件相对应。
column n. 纵队，列；专栏；圆柱，柱形物
evoke vt. 引起，唤起；博得
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And as we continue, we begin to understand the vast number of those who have yet to be put to rest.
我们继续往前走，我们开始理解到那些数不胜数的受害者们还没有得到安息。
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Their names will be engraved on the markers that hang above us.
他们的名字将被埋葬在悬挂着的石碑上。
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And just outside will be a field of identical columns.
在外面会有一片相同的石碑。
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But these are temporary columns, waiting in purgatory, to be placed in the very counties where these lynchings occurred.
但那些只是临时的石碑，他们在苦难中等待，等待落叶归根。
purgatory n. 炼狱；涤罪；暂时的苦难
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Over the next few years, this site will bear witness, as each of these markers is claimed and visibly placed in those counties.
未来几年，这个地方将会对公众开放，每一个纪念碑会渐渐被认领，然后回归故乡。
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Our nation will begin to heal from over a century of silence.
我们的国家将会从一个世纪的沉默中得到治愈。
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And when we think about how it should be built, we were reminded of Ubudehe, the building process we learned about in Rwanda.
当我们思考这如何建造的时候，我们想起了Ubudehe，这是我们在卢旺达学到的建筑方法。
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We wondered if we could fill those very columns with the soil from the sites of where these killings occurred.
我们在想也许我们可以用私刑事件发生地的土，来填充那些墓碑。
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Bryan and his team have begun collecting that soil and preserving it in individual jars with family members, community leaders and descendants.
Bryan和他的团队开始收集那些土壤，并和受难者的家庭成员、社区领导和后代把那些土壤保存在单独的罐子里。
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The act of collecting soil itself has lead to a type of spiritual healing.
收集土壤这个行为成为了一种精神治愈。
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It's an act of restorative justice.
这是一种公正的行为。
restorative adj. 有助于复元的，恢复健康的；整容的，整形的
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As one EJI team member noted in the collection of the soil from where Will McBride was lynched,
就如一个EJI团队成员在Will McBride被迫害地收集土壤时提到的，
EJI
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"If Will McBride left one drop of sweat, one drop of blood, one hair follicle -- I pray that I dug it up, and that his whole body would be at peace."
“即使Will McBride只留下了一滴汗、一滴血，一根头发 -- 我祈祷哪怕我挖到了这个，他整个身体都会得到安息。”
follicle n. 卵泡；滤泡；小囊
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We plan to break ground on this memorial later this year, and it will be a place to finally speak of the unspeakable acts that have scarred this nation.
我们计划在今年晚些时候，动工实施建造这个纪念堂，它将用无法言说的行动去讲述这满身伤痕的国家的故事。
这个纪念馆在2018年4月26建立好了。
The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
场景一
场景2
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When my father told me that day that this house -- our house -- had saved his life,
当那天我父亲告诉我我们的房子拯救了他，
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what I didn't know was that he was referring to a much deeper relationship between architecture and ourselves.
我不明白的是，他指的是在建筑和我们人之间有一个更深层的关系。
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Buildings are not simply expressive sculptures.
建筑不仅仅只是富有表现力的雕塑。
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They make visible our personal and our collective aspirations as a society.
它使得个人和社会集体的愿望被看见。
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Great architecture can give us hope.
伟大的建筑可以给我们希望。
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Great architecture can heal.
伟大的建筑能够治愈人们。
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Thank you very much.
非常感谢。