一、關鍵字解釋
administrative model 行政模式
A decision-making model that includes the concepts of bounded rationality and satisficing and describes how managers make decisions in situations that are characterized by uncertainty and ambiguity.
一个包含有限理性和满足的概念决策模型，描述了管理者如何在不确定和模糊的情况下做出决策。
administrative principles approach 行政管理原則
A subfield of the classical perspective that focues on the total organization· rather than the individual worker and delineates the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
古典管理理論的一个分支，它关注整个组织而不是个体，并描述了计划、组织、命令、协调與控制的管理功能。
after-action review 時候回顧
A disciplined procedure whereby managers review the results of decisions to evaluate what worked, what didn't, and how to do things better.
一种纪律严明的進程，管理者透過回顾决策结果来评估哪些可行，哪些不可行，以及如何做得更好。
ambiguity 含混性（模棱两可）
A condition in which the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable.
要实现目标或者要解决的问题不清楚，备选方案难以确定，有关后果的资讯也得不到。
behavioral sciences approach 行为科学理論
Draws from psychology, sociology, and other social sciences to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting.
从心理学、社会学和其他社会科学中吸取经验，发展关于组织中人类行为和互动的理论。
benchmarking 標桿管理
The continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices against major competitors or industry leaders.
针对主要竞争对手或行业领导者，衡量产品、服务和实践的持续進程。
big data analytics 大數據分析
Technologies, skills, and process for searching and examining massive, complex sets of data that tranditional data processing applications cannot handle to uncover hidden patterns and corrlations.
这种技术、技能、进程，用于搜寻检查大量、复杂的资料集。传统的资料处理应用程式无法处理这些资料，也无法发现其中隐藏的模式与关联。
bounded rationality 有限理性
Means that people have the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited amout of information on which to base decisions.
意味着人们只有时间和认知能力来处理有限数量的信息，以作为做出决定的依据。
gest a broad range of alternatives for making a decision.
一種技術，利用面對面的羣體自發地提出廣泛的選擇來做決定。
brainstorming 头脑风暴
A technique that uses a face-to-face group to spontaneously suggest a broad range of alternatives for making a decision.
一种使用面对面，小组自发地提出一系列选择，来做出决定的技术。
bureaucratic organizations approach 官僚組織研究法
Emphasizes management on an impersonal, rational basis through elements such as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal recordkeeping, and separation of management and ownership.
强调在客观、理性的基础上，透過明确界定的权力與责任、正式的记录保存、管理與所有权分离等要素进行管理。
certainty 確定性
A situation in which all the information the decision-maker needs is fully available.
決策者可以得到制定決策所需的全部信息。
classical perspective 古典管理理论
Takes a rational, scientific approach to management and seeks to turn organizations into efficient operating machines.
采取理性、科学的管理方法，努力把组织变成高效的运作机器。
competitives advantage 竞争优势
Refers to what sets the organization apart from others and provides it with a distinctive edge in the marketplace.
指一系列特征，它們把一個組織與其他組織區別開，並為組織提供滿足市場需要的獨特優勢。
contingency plan 应急计划
Identifies important factors in the environment and defines a range of alternative responses to be taken in the case of emergencies, setbacks, or unexpected conditions.
確定環境中的重要因素，並確定在緊急情況、挫折或意外情況下要採取的一系列替代反應。
contigency view 權變理論
Tells managers that what works in one organizational situation might not work in another.
告訴管理者，在一種組織情況下有效的方法，可能在另一種情況下無效。
core competence 核心競爭力
Something that the organization does particularly well in comparison to others.
組織與其競爭者相比，做得特別好的某個方面。
crowdsourcing 众包
An approach in which many people (sometimes hundreds of thousands of people) contribute to the innovation process via the Internet.
许多人（有时几十万人）通过互联网为创新过程作出贡献的一种方法。
decentralized planning 分權計劃法
An approach where top executives or planning experts work with managers in major divisions or department to develop their own goals and plans.
高層管理人員或規劃專家與主要部門或部門的經理一起制定自己的目標和計劃的一種方法。
decision 决策
A choice made from available alternatives.
從可用的備選方案中，作出选择。
decision making 决策过程
The process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them.
發現問題與機會，然後解決它們的過程。
decision styles 決策風格
Differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make choices.
人們看待問題和做出選擇的方式不同。
Devil's advocate 唱反调的人
A devil’s advocate is a person who is assigned the role of challenging the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent premature consensus.
“唱反調的人”指的是這樣一種人，他的職責是挑戰團隊提出的假設与主張，以防止過早達成共識。
diagnosis 诊断
The step in which managers analyze underlying causal factors associated with the decision situation
管理者分析潛在的、與決策形勢相關而有因果關係的步骤。
electronic brainstorming 电子头脑风暴
Brainstorming that takes place in an interactive froup over a computer network, rather than meeting face to face.
頭腦風暴是在計算機網絡上進行交互式的頭腦風暴，而不是面對面的會議。
engagement
An emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.
这是一种情绪与精神状态，在这种状态下，员工喜欢自己的工作，为实现目标做出积极贡献，并对组织有归属感和责任感。
escalating commitment 不断升级的承诺
Refers to continuing to invest time and money in a decision despite evidence that it is failing.
儘管有證據表明某項決策是失敗的，但仍繼續在該決策上投入時間與金錢。
evidence-based decision making 循证决策以證據爲基礎的決策
A process founded on a commitment to examining potential biases, seeking and examining evidence with rigor, and making informed and intelligent decisions based on the best available facts and evidence.
這是一個建立在承諾檢查潛在偏見、嚴格尋找和檢查證據、並根據現有的最佳事實与證據做出明智決定的過程。
goal 目标
A desired future state that the organization wants to realize.
組織努力想要達到的未來理想目標。
groupthink 群体思维
The tendency of people in groups to suppress contrary opinions in a desire for harmony.
群體中的人爲了和諧而壓制反對意見的傾向。
Hawthorne studies 霍桑研究
A series of research efforts that was importment in shaping ideas concerning how managers should treat workers.
一系列的研究努力，對於形成有關管理人員應如何對待工人的觀念很重要。
human relations movement 人際關係運動
Stresses the satisfaction of employees' basic needs as the key to increased productivity.
強調滿足員工的基本需求是提高生產力的關鍵。
human resources perspective 人力資源的理論
Suggests that jobs should be designed to meet people's higher-level needs by allowing employees to use their full potential.
建議工作應該被設計來滿足人們更高層次的需要，允許員工充分發揮他們的潛力。
humanistic perspective 人本主義理念
Emphasizes understanding human behavior, needs, and attributes in the workplace.
強調理解人類在工作場所的行為、需求與態度。
implementation 实施
Involves using managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to translate a chosen decision alternative into action.
包括運用管理能力、行政能力和勸說（劝说）能力，确保选定方案的实施。
information technology (IT) 信息技术
The hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other technologies used to store, process, and distribute information.
使用硬件、软件、通訊、数据库管理与其他技术，用于存储、处理、分发信息。
intuition 直觉
An aspect of administrative decision making that refers to a quick comprehension of a decision situation based on past experience but without conscious thought.
行政決策的一個方面，指的是根據過去的經驗，但不經過有意識的思考而對決策形勢的迅速感悟。
key performance indicators (KPIs) 關鍵績效指標
Tools used to assess what is important to an organization and how well the organization is progressing toward attaining its strategic goal, so that managers can establish lower-level goals that drive performance toward the overall strategic objective.
用於評估對組織來說什麼是重要的，以及組織在實現其戰略目標方面取得的進展如何，從而使管理者能夠建立起較低層次的目標，驅動績效朝著總體戰略目標的方向發展。
legitimate power 合法权力
Power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position.
源于管理者在一个组织中的正式职位，與该职位被授予的权力。
management 管理
The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.
通過計劃、組織、領導和控制組織資源，以有效益和高效率的方式實現組織目標的進程。
management by means (MBM) 手段管理(MBM)
An approach that focuses people on the methods and processes used to attain results, rather than on the results themselves.
把人們的注意力集中在獲得結果的方法與過程上，而不是結果本身的方法與過程。
management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理(MBO)
A method whereby managers and employees define goals for every department, project, and person and use them to monitor subsequent performance.
管理者和員工爲每個部門、專案與個人設定目標，並利用這些目標來監控後續績效的一種方法。
management science 管理科学
Uses mathematics, statistical techniques, and computer technology to facilitate management decision making, particularly for complex problems. Also called the quantitative perspective.
运用数学、统计技术和计算机技术来促进管理决策，特别是对于复杂问题。它也称为定量管理理論。
Maslow's hierarchy of needs 馬斯洛的需求層次
從生理需求開始，然後上升到安全、歸屬、尊重直至最終的自我實現需求。
mission 使命
An organization's purpose or reason for existence.
一個組織存在的目的或理由。
mission statement 使命宣言
A broadly stated definition of an organization's basic business scope and operations that distinguishes it from similar types of organizations.
一個組織的基本業務範圍與營運的廣義定義，它將組織與類似類型的組織區分開。
non-programmed decision 非程序化决策
A choice made in response to a situation that is unique, is poorly defined and largely unstructured, and has import consequences for the organization.
當我們面臨的形勢是獨一無二的、定義不清楚的、很大程度上不成體系，或者對組織有重要意義時適用。
normative 规范性
Menas that it defines how a manager should make logical decisions and provides guidelines for reaching an ideal outcome.
意味著，它定義了管理者應該如何做出合乎邏輯的決策，併爲達到理想的結果提供指導方針（參考）。
operational goal 操作的目标
A special, measurable result that is expected from departments, work groups, and individuals.
期望部門、工作組和個人取得的特殊的、可衡量的結果。
opportunity 机会
A situation in which managers see potential organizational accomplishments that exceed current goals.
管理者认为组织的潜在成就超过了当前的目标。
organization 组织
A social entity that is goal derected and deliberately structured.
一個以目標為導向、經過精心建構的社會團體。
organization development (OD) 組織發展(OD)
A planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase learning and problem-solving capacities.
一種有計劃的、系統的變化過程，利用行爲科學技術，通過組織應對環境變化的能力、改善內部關係、增加學習與解決問題的能力來提高組織的健康和效率。
performance 績
An organization's ability to attain its goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner.
一個組織通過有效益、高效率的方式使用資源來實現其目標的能力。
plan 计划
A blueprint specifying the resource allocations, schedules, and other actions neccessary for attaining goals.
一種藍圖，詳細說明了實現目標必要的資源分配、時間進度與其他行動。
planning 规划
The management function concerned with defining goals for future performance and how to attain them.
管理職能涉及，爲未來業績確定目標以及如何實現這些目標。
point-counterpoint 正方-反方辩论法
A technique that breaks a decision-making group into two subgroups and assigns them different, often competing, responsibilities.
一種技術，將一個决策小組再分成兩個子小組，並分配給他們不同的，通常是对抗性的挑战責任。
problem 问题
A situation in which organizational accomplishments have failed to meet established goals.
組織業績未能達到既定目標的情況。
programmed decision 程序化決策
A decision made in response to a situation that has occured often enough to enable managers to develop dicision rules that can be applied in the future.
爲應對經常發生的情況而做出的決定，使管理者制定出可應用在未來的決策規則。
quantitative techniques 定量技術
The use of mathematics, statistics, and computer technology to facilitate management decision making.
运用数学、统计学和计算机技术来促进管理决策的制定。
quasirationality 准理性
Combining intuitive and analytical thought.
結合直覺與分析思維。
risk 風險性
Means that a decision has clear-cut goals and good information is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance.
決策具有明確的目標，也可以獲得優質的資訊，但是與每個備選方案相聯繫的未來結果也有可能虧損（亏损）或失敗。
risk propensity 風險傾向
The willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff.
願意承擔風險並有機會獲得更高的回報。
role 角色
A set of expectations for one's behavior.
對某人行爲的一系列期望。
satisficing 滿意性
Refers to choosing the first alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria, regardless of whether better solutions are presumed to exist.
決策者選擇能滿足決策標準的最低要求的第一個解決方案，而不管是否假定存在更好的解決方案。
scenario building 場景構建
An approach where managers look at trends and discontinuities and imagine possible elternative futures to build a framework within which unexpected future events can be managed.
一種管理者通過觀察趨勢和不連貫性，並想象其他可能的未來，建立一個框架的方法，在這個框架中可以管理未來發生的意外事件。
scientific management 科学管理
A subfield of the classical perspective that emphasizes scientifically determined changes in management practices as the solution to improving labor productivity.
它是古典管理理論的子領域，強調科學地決定管理實作中的變化，作為提高勞動生產率的解決方案。
social media programs 社會媒體項目
Include online community pages, social media sites, microblogging platforms, and company online forums, and company online forums that enable managers to interact electronically with employees, customers, partners, and other stakeholders.
包括在線社區頁面、社會媒體站點、微博客平臺、公司在線論壇和公司在線論壇，使管理人員能夠與員工、客戶、合作伙伴和其他利益相關者進行電子交互。
strategic goal 戰略目标
A broad statement of where an organization wants to be in the future; pertains to the organization as a whole rather than to specific divisions or departments.
對一個組織未來想要達成目標的概括陳述；適用於整個組織，而非具體的科室或部門。
strategic management 戰略管理
Refers to the set of decisions and actions used to formulate and implement strategies that will provide a competitively superior fit between an organization and its environment so as to achieve organizational goals.
是指用來制定和實施戰略的一套決策與行動，这些战略将在组织与其环境之间提供一种具有竞争力的优势匹配，從而實現組織目標。
strategic plan 戰略計劃
Action steps by which an organization intends to attain strategic goals.
組織爲達到戰略目標所採取的行動步驟。
strategy 戰略
A plan of action that describes resource allocation and activities for dealing with the environment, achieving a competitive advantage, and attaining goals.
描述資源分配及有關應對環境、取得競爭優勢、實現組織目標的活動的行動計劃。
strengths 優勢
Natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills.
通過學習知識和技能，得以支持和加強天賦與能力。
stretch goal 彈性目標
A reasonable yet highly ambitious and compelling goal that energizes people and inspires excellence.
一个合理的、雄心勃勃、令人信服的目标，激励人们，激励卓越。
subsystem 子系統
Parts of a system that depend on one another for their functioning.
系統的組成部分，各個部分相互依賴。
supply chain management 供應鏈管理
Managing the sequence of supplies and purchasers, covering all stages of processing from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers.
從獲得原材料到為客戶提供成品的所有階段對供應商和採購商的流程進行管理。
synergy 協力優勢
A concept that says that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
整體大於部分之和的概念。
system 系統
A set of interrelated parts that function as a whole to achieve a common purpose.
由一系列相互關聯的部分構成，這些部分作為一個整體運作，以達到共同的目的。
systems thinking 系統思考
Looking not just at discrete parts of an organizational situation, but also at the continually changing interactions among the parts.
不要只關注組織中離散的部分，還要關注各部分之間不斷變化的相互作用。
tactical goal 戰術目標
The outcome that major divisions and departments must achieve for an organization to reach its overall goals.
一个组织要达到其总体目标，主要部门與部门必须取得的結果。
主要部門和部門，爲組織實現其總體目標所必須達到的結果。
tactical plan 戰術計劃
Designed to help execute major strategic plans and to accomplish a specific part of a company's strategy.
幫助實施重大的戰略計劃，並完成一定的公司戰略。
time management 時間管理
Using techniques that enable you to get more done in less time and with better results, be more relaxed, and have more time to enjoy your work and your life.
運用一定的技巧，讓你能夠在短時間內完成更多的工作，並獲得更好的結果，能夠讓你更加輕鬆，有更多時間享受你的工作與生活。
total quality management (TQM) 全面品质管理
Focuses on managing the total organization to deliver quality to customers.
強調對整個組織的管理，為顧客提供高品質。
uncertainty 不确定性
Occurs when managers know which goals they want to achieve, but information about alternatives and future events is incomplete.
发生在管理者知道他们想要实现哪些目标，但关于替代方案和未來事件的信息不完整的情況下。
管理者知道他们想要实现哪个目标，但关于备选方案及未来事件的资讯是不完整的。
【波特競爭戰略】
Differentiation strategy
A strategy with which managers seek to distinguish the organization's products and services from those of others in the industry.
cost leadership strategy
A strategy with which managers aggressively seek efficient facilities, cut costs, and use tight cost controls to be more efficient than others in the industry.
focus strategy
A strategy where managers use either a differentiation or a cost leadership approach, but they concentrate on a specific regional market or buyer group.