The Number of Triangles Formed by Intersecting Diagonals of a Regular Polygon

Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 1 (1998), Article 98.1.5

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The Number of Triangles Formed by Intersecting Diagonals of a Regular Polygon

Steven E. Sommars
Lucent Technologies
Indian Hill, IL
Email address: [email protected]
and
Tim Sommars
Wheaton North High School
Wheaton, IL
Email address: [email protected]

(Affliliation for identification only, the paper is not officially endorsed by either organization.)

Abstract: We consider the number of triangles formed by the intersecting diagonals of a regular polygon. Basic geometry provides a slight overcount, which is corrected by applying a result of Poonen and Rubinstein [1]. The number of triangles is 1, 8, 35, 110, 287, 632, 1302, 2400, 4257, 6956 for polygons with 3 through 12 sides.

Introduction

If we connect all vertices of a regular N-sided polygon we obtain a figure with = N (N - 1) / 2 lines. For N=8, the figure is:

Careful counting shows that there are 632 triangles in this eight sided figure.

Derivation

All triangles are formed by the intersection of three diagonals at three different points. There are five arrangements of three diagonals to consider. We classify them based on the number of distinct diagonal endpoints. We will directly count the number of triangles with 3, 4 and 5 endpoints (top three figures). We will count the number of potential triangles with 6 endpoints, then correct for the false triangles. In each of the following five figures, a sample triangle is highlighted.

Three, Four and Five Diagonal Endpoints

3 diagonal endpoints. There are 56 such triangles in the figure at left.

The number of triangles formed by diagonals with a total of three endpoints is simply.

4 diagonal endpoints. There are 280 such triangles in the figure at left.

There are combinations of the four diagonal endpoints. For each set of four endpoints, there are four triangle configurations. Thus there are triangles formed.

5 diagonal endpoints There are 280 such triangles in the figure at left.

For each of the N vertices of the polygon, there are four other diagonal endpoints which can be placed on the N-1 remaining locations. Thus there are triangles formed. This is equal to .

Six diagonal endpoints

The number of potential triangles formed by 6 line segments is , since there are 6 segment endpoints to be chosen from a pool of N. Often potential triangles are not created by three overlapping line segments because the line segments intersect at a single point. counts both of the following two situations.

6 diagonal endpoints, resulting in triangle. There are 16 such triangles in the figure at left.

6 diagonal endpoints, false triangle. There are 9 interior intersection points in the figure at left where such false triangles can be formed.

We use a result of [1] to count these false triangles. As in that paper, for a regular N-sided polygon, let am(N) denote the number of interior points other than the center where m diagonals intersect. Surprisingly, only the values m = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 may occur. The requisite formulae from [1] are reproduced here:

where if , 0 otherwise.

If there are K line segments that intersect at one common point, where K>2, there are false triangles corresponding to that point. Thus the correction term for false triangles is

where the last term represents the contribution of the center point for even N. The correction is 0 for odd N. The number of triangles formed by line segments with six endpoints on the polygon is then:

Result

The table below summaries the results for . These values were checked through use of a computer program performing an exhaustive search.

N Triangles with 3 diagonal endpoints Triangles with 4 diagonal endpoints Triangles with 5 diagonal endpoints Triangles with 6 diagonal endpoints Total Number of Triangles
3 1 0 0 0 1
4 4 4 0 0 8
5 10 20 5 0 35
6 20 60 30 0 110
7 35 140 105 7 287
8 56 280 280 16 632
9 84 504 630 84 1302
10 120 840 1260 180 2400
11 165 1320 2310 462 4257
12 220 1980 3960 796 6956
13 286 2860 6435 1716 11297
14 364 4004 10010 2856 17234
15 455 5460 15015 5005 25935
16 560 7280 21840 7744 37424
17 680 9520 30940 12376 53516
18 816 12240 42840 17508 73404
19 969 15504 58140 27132 101745
20 1140 19380 77520 38160 136200

The sequence formed by the total number of triangles was studied by the late Victor Meally in the 1960's, although it appears he did not find our formula for the N-th term. This is sequence A006600 in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.

To summarize the final result, the number of triangles generated by intersecting diagonals of an N-regular polygon is:

References

[1] Bjorn Poonen, Michael Rubinstein, The Number of Intersection Points Made by the Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, SIAM J. on Disc. Math. Vol. 11, No. 1 (Feb 1998), pp. 133-156. Note that Theorem 1 has a typographical error: in the second line, 232 should be replaced by 262.


Received Feb 24, 1998; published in Journal of Integer Sequences April 26, 1998.

The following are reproduced from http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A006600

A006600 Triangles in regular n-gon.
(Formerly M4513)
+0
12
1, 8, 35, 110, 287, 632, 1302, 2400, 4257, 6956, 11297, 17234, 25935, 37424, 53516, 73404, 101745, 136200, 181279, 236258, 306383, 389264, 495650, 620048, 772785, 951384, 1167453, 1410350, 1716191, 2058848, 2463384, 2924000, 3462305, 4067028, 4776219, 5568786, 6479551 (list; graph; listen)
OFFSET

3,2

COMMENT

Place n equally-spaced points on a circle, join them in all possible ways; how many triangles can be seen?

LINKS

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=3..1000

Sascha Kurz, m-gons in regular n-gons

B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, Number of Intersection Points Made by the Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, SIAM J. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 11, pp. 135-156.

B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon, SIAM J. on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 135-156 (1998).

B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon, arXiv version, which has fewer typos than the SIAM version.

B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, Mathematica programs for these sequences

D. Radcliffe, Counting triangles in a regular polygon

T. Sillke, Number of triangles for convex n-gon

S. E. Sommars and T. Sommars, Number of Triangles Formed by Intersecting Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, J. Integer Sequences, 1 (1998), #98.1.5.

Sequences formed by drawing all diagonals in regular polygon

EXAMPLE

a(4) = 8 because in a quadrilateral the diagonals cross to make four triangles, which pair up to make four more.

MATHEMATICA

del[m_, n_]:=If[Mod[n, m]==0, 1, 0]; Tri[n_]:=n(n-1)(n-2)(n^3+18n^2-43n+60)/720 - del[2, n](n-2)(n-7)n/8 - del[4, n](3n/4) - del[6, n](18n-106)n/3 + del[12, n]*33n + del[18, n]*36n + del[24, n]*24n - del[30, n]*96n - del[42, n]*72n - del[60, n]*264n - del[84, n]*96n - del[90, n]*48n - del[120, n]*96n - del[210, n]*48n; Table[Tri[n], {n, 3, 1000}] - T. D. Noe (noe(AT)sspectra.com), Dec 21 2006

CROSSREFS

Often confused with A005732.

Sequences related to chords in a circle: A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569, A007678. See also entries for chord diagrams in Index file.

Adjacent sequences: A006597 A006598 A006599 this_sequence A006601 A006602 A006603

Sequence in context: A136016 A100907 A058102 this_sequence A005732 A040977 A036598

KEYWORD

nonn,easy,nice

AUTHOR

njas

EXTENSIONS

a(3)...a(8) computed by Victor Meally (personal communication); later terms and recurrence from S. Sommars and T. Sommars.

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