OSPF实验7:OSPF特殊区域

OSPF实验7OSPF特殊区域

 
实验级别: Professional
 
实验拓扑:
 
 
实验说明:
 
R2为ABR和ASBR,R3在NSSA实验时会成为ASBR。
 
在做这个实验之前,首先我们要了解一下 OSPF LSA 的类型。见下表:
 
类型代码
类型名称
描述
1
路由器 LSA
每台路由器都会产生,在区域内泛洪
2
网络 LSA
DR 产生,在区域内泛洪
3
网络汇总 LSA
ABR 始发,在整个 OSPF 域中泛洪
4
ASBR 汇总 LSA
ABR 始发,在整个 OSPF 域中泛洪
5
AS 外部 LSA
ASBR 始发,在整个 OSPF 域中泛洪
6
组成员 LSA
标识 OSPF 组播中的组成员,不做讨论
7
NSSA 外部 LSA
ASBR 始发,
8
外部属性 LSA
没有实现
9
Opaque LSA (本地链路范围)
 
用于 MPLS 流量工程,不做讨论
10
Opaque LSA (本地区域范围)
11
Opaque LSA AS 范围)
 
在一个 OSPF 的普通区域,会存在 LSA1,LSA2,LSA3,LSA4,LSA5 这些 LSA ,并且数量很多。我们可以通过 OSPF 的特殊区域的配置让某些区域减少 LSA 数目和路由表的条目。
基本配置:
 
R1:
interface Loopback0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf network point-to-point
!
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
router ospf 10
 router-id 1.1.1.1
 log-adjacency-changes
 network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 
R2:
interface Loopback0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
!        
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
interface Serial1/1
 ip address 11.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
router ospf 10
 router-id 2.2.2.2
 log-adjacency-changes
 redistribute connected subnets
 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 11.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
 
R3:
interface Loopback0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
 no ip address
 shutdown
 duplex half
!        
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 11.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
 serial restart-delay 0
!
router ospf 10
 router-id 3.3.3.3
 log-adjacency-changes
 network 11.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
 
R1 R3 上查看路由表:
 
R1#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] via 10.1.1.2, 00:03:00, Serial1/0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    11.1.1.0 [110/128] via 10.1.1.2, 00:03:00, Serial1/0
 
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:02:51, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] via 11.1.1.1, 00:02:51, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:02:51, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
 
OE2 的路由是通过 LSA5 传播, OIA 的路由是通过 LSA3 来传播。

1. Stub Area

我们观察拓扑,发现 Area1 不管去外部的那个目的网络,都必须通过 ABR R2 进行转发。在这种情况下, Area1 可以配置成 Stub Area
 
Stub Area 可以阻止 LSA5 ,,并且处在区域边界的 ABR 将会通过 LSA3 发送一个默认路由给 Stub Area 。处在 Stub Area 内的所有路由器都必须配置成为 Stub Area
 
首先查看 R3 OSPF 数据库
R3#sho ip ospf da
 
            OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 10)
 
                Router Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         9           0x80000007 0x00309C 1
3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         1           0x80000006 0x00451E 2
 
                Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum
0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         199         0x80000001 0x0075C0
1.1.1.0         2.2.2.2         9           0x80000003 0x00B13D
10.1.1.0        2.2.2.2         9           0x80000003 0x0032B4
 
                Type-5 AS External Link States
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Tag
2.2.2.0         2.2.2.2         842         0x80000001 0x00632F 0
 
通过以下配置可以将 Area1 配置成为 Stub Area
 
R2(config)#router ospf 10
R2(config-router)#area 1 stub
R3(config)#router ospf 10
R3(config-router)#area 1 stub
 
R3 上查看路由表:
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is 11.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
发现原来的 OE2 路由没有了,取代了 1 条默认路由 O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] (通过 LSA3 通告)
 
在看 R3 OSPF 数据库
R3#sho ip ospf da
 
            OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 10)
 
                Router Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         7           0x8000000A 0x00BEA6 2
3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         6           0x80000008 0x005F04 2
 
                Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum
0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         12          0x80000001 0x0075C0
1.1.1.0         2.2.2.2         12          0x80000004 0x00CD22
10.1.1.0        2.2.2.2         12          0x80000004 0x004E9
此时已经没有 Type-5 AS External Link States LSA 了。

2. Totally Stub Area

对于本实验的 Area1 来说,其实域间路由 OIA 也是不需要的。我们可以将 Area1 配置成为 Totally Stub Area ,从而来阻止 LSA3 LSA4 在这个区域的传播 , 出了通告缺省路由的那一条类型 3 LSA
Totally Stub Area 的配置也很简单,只需要在 ABR 上将其配置成为 totally stub area ,并且这个区域的所有路由器配置成为 stub area 就可以了。
 
在这个实验中,我们在上面已经将 R3 配置成 stub area ,只要在 R2 上配置 area1 成为 Totally Stub Area 即可。
 
R2(config-router)#area 1 stub no-summary
 
R3 上查看路由表和数据库
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is 11.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
 
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
发现 OIA 的路由条目也没有了
R3#sho ip ospf database
 
            OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 10)
 
                Router Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         415         0x8000000A 0x00BEA6 2
3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         415         0x80000008 0x005F04 2
 
                Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
 
Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum
0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         69          0x80000002 0x0073C1
 
只有 LSA1 和一条汇总的 LSA3

3. Not-So-Stubby AreaNSSA

如果我们需要 R3 通过重发布来发布它的直连路由,这样 R3 就是一个 ASBR 路由器,会产生 LSA7 。但是一旦这样, R3 就不能是一个 Stub Area 。这时我们可以将 Area 1 配置成为 NSSA 区域。
 
NSSA :允许外部路由通告到 OSPF ,而同时保留其余部分的 Stub Area 特征。
NSSA 区域是在 IOS 软件 11.2 版本以上才支持的。
 
配置 NSSA
首先重发布 R3 的直连路由
R3(config-router)#redistribute connected subnets
Warning: Router is currently an ASBR while having only one area which is a stub area
这里有一个警告信息,告诉我们在一个 Stub Area 上不能有路由器是 ASBR ,这样重发布是不起作用的。
 
我们将原来的配置删除:
R3(config-router)#router ospf 10
R3(config-router)#no area 1 stub
R2(config-router)#no area 1 stub
查看 R1 R3 的路由表
 
R1#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2    3.3.3.0 [110/20] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    11.1.1.0 [110/128] via 10.1.1.2, 00:35:32, Serial1/0
已经学到了 R3 的环回口路由
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:53, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:53, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:53, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
OIA OE2 的路由
 
现在将 Area1 配置成为 NSSA 区域
 
R2(config)#router os 10 
R2(config-router)#area 1 nssa
R3(config)#router ospf 10
R3(config-router)#area 1 nssa
 
查看 R3 的路由表
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:56, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O N2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:56, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:56, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
多了一条 O N2    2.2.2.0 [110/20] ON2 表示 OSPF NSSA 外部路由。这时 R2 (即是 ABR 也是 ASBR )通过 LSA7 R3 注入的外部路由。 我们可以将它去除。
 
R2(config-router)#area 1 nssa no-redistribution
 
再次查看 R3 路由表
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:02:35, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:02:35, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
已经没有 ON2 的路由了,但是我们发现一个问题,就是路由表中也没有默认路由。因为 NSSA 区域默认情况下, ABR 是不会注入默认路由 。要注入默认路由,需要如下配置:
 
R2(config-router)#area 1 nssa default-information-originate
 
查看 R3 路由表
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is 11.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
 
     1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    1.1.1.0 [110/129] via 11.1.1.1, 00:04:06, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA    10.1.1.0 [110/128] via 11.1.1.1, 00:04:06, Serial1/0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*N2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:18, Serial1/0
有一条 ON2 的默认路由了。

4. Totally NSSA

Totally Stub Area 一样,同样可以通过配置将 OIA 的路由去除。配置如下:
 
    R2(config-router)#area 1 nssa no-summary
 
查看 R3 路由表:
R3#sho ip rou
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is 11.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
 
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     11.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 11.1.1.1, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
只有一条默认路由了。
 
注意:在配置成为 Totally NSSA 后,不需要加上 default-information-originate
这个参数,也能产生默认路由。
 
 
 
总结:
   OSPF 的特殊区域可以总结成为下表:
区域类型
LSA1
LSA2
LSA3
LSA4
LSA5
LSA7
普通区域
 
Stub
 
 
Totally Stub
 
 
 
 
NSSA
 
Totally NSSA
 
 
 
  表示存在此种类型的 LSA

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