将 Win32 C/C++ 应用程序迁移到 POWER 上的 Linux,第 3 部分: 信号

信号

信号是包含有一个正数的资源。信号允许进程通过一个单一的原子操作来测试和设置那个整数的值,以此实现同步。通常,信号的主要用途是同步某个线程与其他线程的动作。在多个进程竞争访问同一操作系统资源时,这也是协调或者同步那些行为的一种实用技术。

Linux 支持 Portable Operating System Interface(POSIX)信号以及 pthread 条件变量,以此来映射 Win32 信号 API。它们各有其优缺点。您应该基于应用程序的逻辑来判断使用哪种方法。在映射事件信号的过程中需要考虑的方面包括:

  • 信号的类型:Win32 既支持有名称的事件信号,也支持无名称的事件信号。有名称的信号是在多个进程间共享的。Linux 不支持这种方案。本文中列出的一个进程间通信(Inter-Process Communication,IPC)消息队列示例代码将向您展示如何来解决此问题。
  • 初始状态:在 Win32 中,信号可能会有初始值。在 Linux 中,POSIX 信号支持此功能,但 pthreads 不支持。在使用 pthreads 时您需要考虑到这一点。
  • 超时:Win32 事件信号支持定时等待。在 Linux 中,POSIX 信号实现只支持不确定的等待(阻塞)。pthreads 实现既支持阻塞也支持超时。pthread_cond_timedwait() 调用能给出等待期间的超时的值,pthread_cond_wait() 则用于不确定的等待。
  • 发信号:在 Win32 中,发出信号会唤醒等待那个信号的所有线程。在 Linux 中,POSIX 线程实现一次只唤醒一个线程。pthreads 实现的 pthread_cond_signal() 调用会唤醒一个线程,pthread_cond_broadcast() 调用会向所有等待那个信号的线程发出信号。

表 1. 信号映射表
Win32 pthread Linux POSIX
CreateSemaphore pthread_mutex_init(&(token)->mutex, NULL))
pthread_cond_init(&(token)->condition, NULL))
sem_init
CloseHandle (semHandle) pthread_mutex_destroy(&(token->mutex))
pthread_cond_destroy(&(token->condition))
sem_destroy
ReleaseSemaphore(semHandle, 1, NULL) pthread_cond_signal(&(token->condition)) sem_post
WaitForSingleObject(semHandle, 
INFINITE)
WaitForSingleObject(semHandle, 
timelimit)
pthread_cond_wait(&(token->condition), 
&(token->mutex))
pthread_cond_timedwait(&(token
->condition), &(token->mutex))
sem_wait
sem_trywait

条件变量

条件变量让开发者能够实现一个条件,在这个条件下线程执行然后被阻塞。Microsoft® Win32 接口本身不支持条件变量。为解决此缺憾,我使用 POSIX 条件变量模拟同步原语,并在一系列文章中对此进行了概述。在 Linux 中,它可以确保因某条件被阻塞的线程,当那个条件改变时,会被解除阻塞。它还允许您原子地(atomically)解除互斥的锁定,并等待条件变量,而不会有干涉其他线程的可能。不过,每个条件变量都应该伴有一个互斥。前面的表 1 给出了用于线程间同步的 pthread 条件变量。

创建信号

在 Win32 中,CreateSemaphore 函数可以创建一个有名称的或者无名称的信号对象。Linux 不支持有名称的信号。


清单 1. 创建信号
HANDLE CreateSemaphore (
	LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES	lpSemaphoreAttributes,
	LONG			lInitialCount,
	LONG			lMaximunCount,
	LPCTSTR			lpName
); 

在 Linux 中,sem_init() 调用会创建一个 POSIX 信号:


清单 2. POSIX 信号
                    
int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value

Linux 使用 pthread_condition_init 调用在当前进程内创建信号对象,在其中维持一个在零与最大值之间的计数值。每次有某个线程完成对信号的等待,这个计数值会减小,而每次当某个线程释放这个信号时,计数值增加。当计数值成为零时,信号对象的状态成为 non-signaled。


清单 3. 创建信号对象的 pthread_condition_init 调用
                    
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond, const pthread_condattr_t *attr);


清单 4. Win32 示例代码
                
HANDLE semHandle;
semHandle = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 0, 256000, NULL); 
     /* Default security descriptor     */
if( semHandle == (HANDLE) NULL)                     
     /* Semaphore object without a name */
{
     return RC_OBJECT_NOT_CREATED;
}



清单 5. 相应的 Linux 代码
                
typedef struct 
{
	pthread_mutex_t	mutex;
	pthread_cond_t		condition;
	int			semCount;	
}sem_private_struct, *sem_private;
sem_private    token;
token = (sem_private) malloc(sizeof(sem_private_struct));
if(rc = pthread_mutex_init(&(token->mutex), NULL))
{
	free(token);
	return RC_OBJECT_NOT_CREATED;
}
if(rc = pthread_cond_init(&(token->condition), NULL))
{
	pthread_mutex_destroy( &(token->mutex) );
	free(token);
	return RC_OBJECT_NOT_CREATED;
}
token->semCount = 0;

销毁事件信号

Win32 使用 CloseHandle 来删除由 CreateSemaphore 所创建的信号对象。


清单 6. 销毁事件信号
BOOL CloseHandle (HANDLE hObject);

Linux POSIX 信号使用 sem_destroy() 来销毁无名称的信号。


清单 7. sem_destroy() 
                
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);

在 Linux pthreads 中,使用 pthread_cond_destroy() 来销毁条件变量。


清单 8. pthread_cond_destroy() 
                    
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);


清单 9. Win32 代码和相应的 Linux 代码
Win32 代码 相应的 Linux 代码
CloseHandle(semHandle); pthread_mutex_destroy(&(token->mutex));

pthread_cond_destroy(&(token->condition));

free (token);

发布事件信号

在 Win32 中,ReleaseSemaphore 函数会令指定的信号对象的计数值增加指定数量。


清单 10. ReleaseSemaphore 函数
                    
BOOL ReleaseSemaphore(
	HANDLE hSemaphore,
	LONG 	lReleaseCount,
	LPLONG	lpPreviousCount
);

Linux POSIX 信号使用 sem_post() 来发布事件信号。这将唤醒阻塞于此信号的所有线程。


清单 11. sem_post() 
                    
int sem_post(sem_t * sem);

在 Linux 中,pthread_cond_signal 会唤醒等待某个条件变更的某个线程。Linux 调用这个函数来为此对象所标识的信号发布一个事件完成信号。调用的线程增加那个信号的值。如果信号的值从零开始增加,而且 pthread_cond 中有任何线程被阻塞,那么请等待这个信号,因为其中一个会被唤醒。默认情况下,实现可以选择任意的正在等待的线程。


清单 12. pthread_cond_signal 
                    
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);


清单 13. Win32 代码和相应的 Linux 代码
Win32 代码 相应的 Linux 代码
ReleaseSemaphore(semHandle, 1, NULL) if (rc = pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_POST_ERROR;

token->semCount ++;

if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_POST_ERROR;

if (rc = pthread_cond_signal(&(token->condition)))
return RC_SEM_POST_ERROR;

等待事件信号

Win32 调用 WaitForSingleObject 函数来等待所需要的信号上事件的完成。当等待单一线程同步对象时,可以使用此方法。当对象被设置发出信号或者超时时间段结束时,这个方法会得到通知。如果时间间隔是 INFINITE,那么它就会无止境地等待下去。


清单 14. WaitForSingleObject 函数
                    
DWORD WaitForSingleObject(
	HANDLE hHANDLE,
	DWORD	dwMilliseconds
);

使用 WaitForMultipleObjects 函数来等待多个被通知的对象。在信号线程同步对象中,当计数器变为零时,对象是 non-signaled。


清单 15. WaitForMultipleObjects 函数
                    
DWORD WaitForMultipleObjects(
	DWORD	nCount,
	Const	HANDLE* lpHandles,
	BOOL	bWaitAll,
	DWORD	dwMilliseconds
);

Linux POSIX 信号使用 sem_wait() 来挂起发出调用的线程,直到信号拥有了非零的计数值。然后它自动地减少信号的计数值。


清单 16. sem_wait() 函数
                    
int sem_wait(sem_t * sem);

在 POSIX 信号中不能使用超时选项。不过,您可以通过在某个循环中执行非阻塞的 sem_trywait() 来完成此功能,它会计算超时的值。


清单 17. sem_trywait() 函数
                    
int sem_trywait(sem_t  * sem);

在 Linux 中,pthread_cond_wait() 会阻塞发出调用的线程。发出调用的线程会减小那个信号。如果当 pthread_cond_wait 被调用时信号是零,则 pthread_cond_wait() 就会阻塞,直到另一个线程增加了那个信号的值。


清单 18. pthread_cond_wait() 函数
                    
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t  *mutex);

pthread_cond_wait 函数首先释放相关联的 external_mutex of type pthread_mutex_t,当调用者检查条件表达式时必须持有它。


清单 19. Win32 代码和相应的 Linux 代码
Win32 代码 相应的 Linux 代码
DWORD retVal;

retVal = WaitForSingleObject(semHandle, INFINITE);

if (retVal == WAIT_FAILED) return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR
if (rc = pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;

while (token->semCount <= 0)
{
rc = pthread_cond_wait(&(token->condition), &(token->mutex));
if (rc &&errno != EINTR )
break;
}
token->semCount--;

if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;

如果您需要在指定的一段时间内阻塞发出调用的线程,那么请使用 pthread_cond_timewait 来阻塞它。调用这个方法来等待所需要信号上某个事件的完成,等待指定的一段时间。


清单 20. pthread_cond_timewait
                
	int pthread_cond_timewait(
	pthread_cond_t		*cond,
	pthread_mutex_t		*mutex,
	timespec		*tm
);			




清单 21. Win32 代码和相应的 Linux 代码
Win32 代码 相应的 Linux 代码
retVal = WaitForSingleObject(SemHandle, timelimit);

if (retVal == WAIT_FAILED)
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;

if (retVal == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
return RC_TIMEOUT;
int rc;
struct timespec tm;
struct timeb tp;
long sec, millisec;

if (rc = pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;

sec = timelimit / 1000;
millisec = timelimit % 1000;
ftime( &tp );
tp.time += sec;
tp.millitm += millisec;
if( tp.millitm > 999 )
{
tp.millitm -= 1000;
tp.time++;
}
tm.tv_sec = tp.time;
tm.tv_nsec = tp.millitm * 1000000 ;

while (token->semCount <= 0)
{
rc = pthread_cond_timedwait(&(token->condition), &(token->mutex), &tm);
if (rc && (errno != EINTR) )
break;
}
if ( rc ) 
{
if ( pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)) )
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR );

if ( rc == ETIMEDOUT) /* we have a time out */
return RC_TIMEOUT );

return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR );


token->semCount--;

if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;

POSIX 信号示例代码

清单 22 使用 POSIX 信号来实现线程 A 和 B 之间的同步:


清单 22. POSIX 信号示例代码
                    
sem_t sem; /* semaphore object */
int irc;   /* return code */
/* Initialize the semaphore - count is set to 1*/
irc = sem_init (sem, 0,1)
...
/* In Thread A */
/* Wait for event to be posted */
sem_wait (&sem);
/* Unblocks immediately as semaphore initial count was set to 1 */
 .......
/* Wait again for event to be posted */
sem_wait (&sem);
/* Blocks till event is posted */
/* In Thread B */
/* Post the semaphore */
...
irc = sem_post (&sem);
/* Destroy the semaphore */
irc = sem_destroy(&sem);

进程内信号示例代码


清单 23. Win32 进程内信号示例代码
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <windows.h>
void thrdproc      (void   *data);  // the thread procedure (function) 
     to be executed
HANDLE   semHandle;
int
main( int argc, char **argv )
{
        HANDLE    *threadId1;
        HANDLE    *threadId2;
        int        hThrd;
        unsigned   stacksize;
        int	    arg1;
	if( argc < 2 )
		arg1 = 7;
	else
		arg1 = atoi( argv[1] );
	printf( "Intra Process Semaphor test.\n" );
	printf( "Start.\n" );
	semHandle = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 1, 65536, NULL);
        if( semHandle == (HANDLE) NULL)
	{
		printf("CreateSemaphore error: %d\n", GetLastError());
	}
	printf( "Semaphor created.\n" );
	
        if( stacksize < 8192 )
            stacksize = 8192;
        else
            stacksize = (stacksize/4096+1)*4096;
     
        hThrd = _beginthread( thrdproc, // Definition of a thread entry
                                  NULL,
                             stacksize,
                            "Thread 1");
        if (hThrd == -1)
            return RC_THREAD_NOT_CREATED);
        *threadId1 = (HANDLE) hThrd;
         hThrd = _beginthread( thrdproc, // Definition of a thread entry
                                   NULL,
                              stacksize,
                              “Thread 2");
         if (hThrd == -1)
            return RC_THREAD_NOT_CREATED);
         *threadId2 = (HANDLE) hThrd;
	 printf( "Main thread sleeps 5 sec.\n" );
         sleep(5);
         if( ! ReleaseSemaphore(semHandle, 1, NULL) )
		printf("ReleaseSemaphore error: %d\n", GetLastError());
         printf( "Semaphor released.\n" );
         printf( "Main thread sleeps %d sec.\n", arg1 );
	
         sleep (arg1);
       if( ! ReleaseSemaphore(semHandle, 1, NULL) )
		printf("ReleaseSemaphore error: %d\n", GetLastError());
 
	printf( "Semaphor released.\n" );
	printf( "Main thread sleeps %d sec.\n", arg1 );
	sleep (arg1);
        CloseHandle(semHandle);
	
	printf( "Semaphor deleted.\n" );
	printf( "Main thread sleeps 5 sec.\n" );
        
        sleep (5);
        printf( "Stop.\n" );
	return OK;
}
void
thread_proc( void *pParam )
{
 
 DWORD  retVal;
	printf( "\t%s created.\n", pParam );
	       
        retVal = WaitForSingleObject(semHandle, INFINITE);
        if (retVal == WAIT_FAILED)
               return RC_SEM_WAIT_ERROR;
	printf( "\tSemaphor blocked by %s. (%lx)\n", pParam, retVal);
	printf( "\t%s sleeps for 5 sec.\n", pParam );
	sleep(5);
	if( ! ReleaseSemaphore(semHandle, 1, NULL) )
                printf("ReleaseSemaphore error: %d\n", GetLastError());
	printf( "\tSemaphor released by %s.)\n", pParam);
}




清单 24. 相应的 Linux 进程内信号示例代码
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
void  thread_proc (void * data);
pthread_mutexattr_t     attr;
pthread_mutex_t         mutex;
typedef struct
{
        pthread_mutex_t         mutex;
        pthread_cond_t          condition;
        int                     semCount;
}sem_private_struct, *sem_private;
sem_private     token;
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
        pthread_t             threadId1;
        pthread_t             threadId2;
        pthread_attr_t        pthread_attr;
        pthread_attr_t        pthread_attr2;
        int			arg1;
        int                   rc;
	if( argc < 2 )
		arg1 = 7;
	else
		arg1 = atoi( argv[1] );
      printf( "Intra Process Semaphor test.\n" );
      printf( "Start.\n" );
      token =(sem_private)  malloc (sizeof (sem_private_struct));        
     
      if(rc = pthread_mutex_init( &(token->mutex), NULL))
      {
                free(token);
                return 1;
      }
      if(rc = pthread_cond_init(&(token->condition), NULL))
      {
           printf( "pthread_condition ERROR.\n" );
           pthread_mutex_destroy( &(token->mutex) );
           free(token);
           return 1;
      }
      token->semCount = 0;
      printf( "Semaphor created.\n" );
      if (rc = pthread_attr_init(&pthread_attr))
      {
           printf( "pthread_attr_init ERROR.\n" );
           exit;
      }
      if (rc = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&pthread_attr, 120*1024))
      {
           printf( "pthread_attr_setstacksize ERROR.\n" );
           exit;
      }
      if (rc = pthread_create(&threadId1,
                           &pthread_attr,
            (void*(*)(void*))thread_proc, 
                               "Thread 1" ))
      {
           printf( "pthread_create ERROR.\n" );
           exit;
      }
      if (rc = pthread_attr_init(&pthread_attr2))
      {
           printf( "pthread_attr_init2 ERROR.\n" );
           exit;
      }
      if (rc = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&pthread_attr2, 120*1024))
      {
           printf( "pthread_attr_setstacksize2 ERROR.\n" );
           exit;
      }
      if (rc = pthread_create(&threadId2, 
                          &pthread_attr2,
            (void*(*)(void*))thread_proc,
                               "Thread 2" ))
      {
           printf( "pthread_CREATE ERROR2.\n" );
           exit ;  // EINVAL, ENOMEM
      }
	
      printf( "Main thread sleeps 5 sec.\n" );
      sleep( 5 );
      if (rc =  pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR 1.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
      token->semCount ++;
      if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_unlock ERROR 1.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
      if (rc = pthread_cond_signal(&(token->condition)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_cond_signal ERROR1.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
      printf( "Semaphor released.\n" );
      printf( "Main thread sleeps %d sec.\n", arg1 );
      sleep( arg1 );
      if (rc =  pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
      token->semCount ++;
      if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
      if (rc = pthread_cond_signal(&(token->condition)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_cond_signal ERROR.\n" );
           return 1; 
      }
	
      printf( "Semaphor released.\n" );
      printf( "Main thread sleeps %d sec.\n", arg1 );
      sleep( arg1 );
      pthread_mutex_destroy(&(token->mutex));
      pthread_cond_destroy(&(token->condition));	
      printf( "Semaphor deleted.\n" );
      printf( "Main thread sleeps 5 sec.\n" );
      sleep( 5 );
      printf( "Stop.\n" );
      return 0;
}
void
thread_proc( void *pParam )
{
 int	rc;
      printf( "\t%s created.\n", pParam );
      if (token == (sem_private) NULL)
          return ;
      if (rc =  pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR2.\n" );
           return ; 
      }
      while (token->semCount <= 0)
      {
                rc = pthread_cond_wait(&(token->condition), &(token->mutex));
                if (rc && errno != EINTR )
                        break;
      }
      if( rc )
      {
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex));
                printf( "pthread_mutex_unlock ERROR3.\n" );
                return; 
      }
      token->semCount--;
      if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR.\n" );
           return ; 
      }
      printf( "\tSemaphor blocked by %s. (%lx)\n", pParam, rc );
      printf( "\t%s sleeps for 5 sec.\n", pParam );
      sleep( 5 );
      if (rc =  pthread_mutex_lock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_lock ERROR.\n" );
           return ; 
      }
      token->semCount ++;
      if (rc = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(token->mutex)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_mutex_unlock ERROR.\n" );
           return ; 
      }
      if (rc = pthread_cond_signal(&(token->condition)))
      {
           printf( "pthread_cond_signal ERROR.\n" );
           return ; 
      }
      printf( "\tSemaphor released by %s. (%lx)\n", pParam, rc );

进程间信号示例代码


清单 25. Win32 进程间信号示例代码,进程 1
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#define WAIT_FOR_ENTER  printf( "Press ENTER\n" );getchar()
int main()
{
       HANDLE		semaphore;
       int		nRet;
       DWORD          retVal;
       SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES		sec_attr;
	printf( "Inter Process Semaphore test - Process 1.\n" );
	printf( "Start.\n" );
	
	sec_attr.nLength              = sizeof( SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES );
	sec_attr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
	sec_attr.bInheritHandle       = TRUE;
	semaphore = CreateSemaphore( &sec_attr, 1, 65536, “456789" );
	if( semaphore == (HANDLE) NULL )
		return RC_OBJECT_NOT_CREATED;
       printf( "Semaphore created. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	
	WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
	
	if( ! ReleaseSemaphore(semaphore, 1, NULL) )
		return SEM_POST_ERROR;
      
       printf( "Semaphore Posted. \n");
	
	WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
	retVal = WaitForSingleObject (semaphore, INFINITE );
        if (retVal == WAIT_FAILED)
              return SEM_WAIT_ERROR;
  
	printf( "Wait for Semaphore. \n");
	
       WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
	       
       CloseHandle (semaphore);
	printf( "Semaphore deleted.\n" );
	printf( "Stop.\n" );
	return 0;
}

清单 26 给出了作为支持进程间共享的有名称信号示例的消息 IPC 代码。


清单 26. 相应的 Linux 进程间信号示例代码,进程 1
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define WAIT_FOR_ENTER  printf( "Press ENTER\n" );getchar()
struct msgbuf {
        long mtype;         /* type of message */
        char mtext[1];      /* message text */
};
int main()
{
        key_t           msgKey;
        int             flag;
        struct msgbuf   buff;
        int             sem;
        int             nRet =0;
	printf( "Inter Process Semaphore test - Process 1.\n" );
	printf( "Start.\n" );
        
	flag = IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL;
      if( ( msgKey = (key_t) atol( "456789" ) ) <= 0 )
                return 1;
      flag |= S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP;
      sem  = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
      
      if (sem == -1)
             if( errno == EEXIST )
             {
                    flag &= ~IPC_EXCL;
                    sem = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
                    if (msgctl(sem, IPC_RMID, NULL ) != 0)
                            return 1;
                    sem = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
                    if (sem == -1)
                            return 1;
             }
             else
                    return 1;
      printf( "Semaphore created. \n" );
      WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
      buff.mtype = 123;
      if( msgsnd( sem, &buff, 1, 0 ) < 0 )
          return 1;
      printf( "Semaphore Posted. \n" );
	
      WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
      if( msgrcv( sem, &buff, 1, 0, 0 ) < 0 )
          return 1;
      printf( "Wait for Semaphore. \n" );
      WAIT_FOR_ENTER;
      msgctl(sem, 0, IPC_RMID );
      printf( "Semaphore deleted.\n" );
	printf( "Stop.\n" );
	return 0;
}




清单 27. Win32 进程间信号示例代码,进程 2
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
int main()
{
	HANDLE	semaphore;
	DWORD   retVal;
	printf( "Inter Process Semaphore test - Process 2.\n" );
	printf( "Start.\n" );
	SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES		sec_attr;
       
       sec_attr.nLength              = sizeof( SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES );
       sec_attr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
       sec_attr.bInheritHandle       = TRUE;
	semaphore = CreateSemaphore( &sec_attr, 0, 65536, “456789" );
	if( semaphore == (HANDLE) NULL )
		return RC_OBJECT_NOT_CREATED;
	printf( "Semaphore opened. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	
	printf( "Try to wait for semaphore.\n" );
	
       while( ( retVal = WaitForSingleObject( semaphore, 250 ) ) == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
		printf( "Timeout. \n");
	
       printf( "Semaphore acquired. \n");
       printf( "Try to post the semaphore.\n" );
	       
       if( ! ReleaseSemaphore(semaphore, 1, NULL) )
	     return RC_SEM_POST_ERROR;
	
       printf( "Semaphore posted. \n");
	
	CloseHandle(semaphore);
	printf( "Semaphore closed. \n");
	printf( "Stop.\n" );
	return 0;
}




清单 28. 相应的 Linux 进程间信号示例代码,进程 2
                
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define RC_TIMEOUT = 3
struct msgbuf {
        long mtype;         /* type of message */
        char mtext[1];      /* message text */
};
int main()
{
        key_t           msgKey;
        int             flag=0;
        struct msgbuf   buff;
        int             sem;
        int             nRet =0;
	printf( "Inter Process Semaphore test - Process 2.\n" );
	printf( "Start.\n" );
      if( ( msgKey = (key_t) atol( "456789" ) ) <= 0 )
            return 1;
      flag |= S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP;
      sem = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
      if (sem == -1)
            if( errno == EEXIST )
            {
                   flag &= ~IPC_EXCL;
                   sem = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
                   if (msgctl(sem, IPC_RMID, NULL ) != 0)
                          return 1;
                   sem = (int) msgget( msgKey, flag );
                   if (sem == -1)
                           return 1;
            }
            else
                   return 1;
	printf( "Semaphore opened. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	if( nRet != 0 )
          return 0;
	printf( "Try to wait for semaphore.\n" );
	while( ( nRet = sem_shared_wait_timed( sem, 250 ) ) == 3) 
	
	printf( "Timeout. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	printf( "Semaphore acquired. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	printf( "Try to post the semaphore.\n" );
       buff.mtype = 123;
       if( msgsnd( sem, &buff, 1, 0 ) < 0 )
          return 1;
	printf( "Semaphore posted. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	if( nRet != 0 )
		return 0;
	printf( "Semaphore closed. (%lx)\n", nRet );
	printf( "Stop.\n" );
	return 0;
}
int sem_shared_wait_timed( int sem, unsigned long timelimit)
{
        struct msgbuf           buff;
        struct timeval          timeOut;
        int                     msg[1];
        int                     nRet=0;
        timeOut.tv_sec  = timelimit / 1000;
        timeOut.tv_usec = (timelimit % 1000) * 1000;
        msg[0] = sem;
        nRet = select( 0x1000, (fd_set *)msg, NULL, NULL, &timeOut );
        if(nRet == 0)
           return 3;
        if( msgrcv( sem, &buff, 1, 0, 0 ) < 0 )
              return 1;
}

结束语

本系列的第三篇文章从信号 API 的角度讲述了从 Win32 到 Linux 的映射,并给出了您可以引用的信号示例代码。线程化的、同步的系统所提出的挑战不仅是设计与实现,也包括了质量保证的所有阶段。当进行从 Win32 到 Linux 的迁移时,可以将这些文章做为参考。一定要去阅读本系列中以前的文章。

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