古月居ROS入门21讲笔记

1 C++&Python极简基础

1.1 安装编译/解析器

sudo apt-get install g++
sudo apt-get install python

1.2 for循环

• Python

for a in range(5,10):
	if a< 10:
		print 'a = ',a
		a+=1
	else:
		break

---

使用Python解析器运行py程序

python fileName.py

---

• C++
  略

---

使用g++编译*.cpp文件

g++  fileName.cpp  -o  exeFileName

运行编译后的二进制文件

./exeFileName

---

1.3 while循环

• C++
  略

• Python

a = 5
while a < 10:
	print 'a = ' , a
	a += 1 

1.4 面向对象

• C++

#include 

class A
{
	public:
		int i;
		void test()
		{
			std::cout << i <<std::endl;
		}
};

int main()
{
	A a;
	a.i = 10;
	a.test();
	return 0;
}

• Python

class A:
	i = 10
	def test(self)
		print self.i
a = A()
a.test()

---

配置ROS软件源时,更新软件包容易出现下载失败的情况,跟使用的网络有关.
古月大神总结:使用手机热点可以更新成功.

---

2. ROS基础

2.1 ROS概念

查看节点列表:rosnode list
发布话题消息:rostopic pub -r 10 /话题名
发布服务请求:rosservice call /服务文件 “变量:val”
话题记录: rosbag record -a -O fileName
话题复现: rosbag play fileName

2.2 创建工作空间与功能包

建立install空间:catkin_make install

2.3 发布者Publisher的编程实现

---

• C++

/**
 * 该例程将发布turtle1/cmd_vel话题，消息类型geometry_msgs::Twist
 */
 
#include 
#include 

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	// ROS节点初始化
	ros::init(argc, argv, "velocity_publisher");

	// 创建节点句柄
	ros::NodeHandle n;

	// 创建一个Publisher，发布名为/turtle1/cmd_vel的topic，消息类型为geometry_msgs::Twist，队列长度10
	ros::Publisher turtle_vel_pub = n.advertise<geometry_msgs::Twist>("/turtle1/cmd_vel", 10);

	// 设置循环的频率
	ros::Rate loop_rate(10);

	int count = 0;
	while (ros::ok())
	{
	    // 初始化geometry_msgs::Twist类型的消息
		geometry_msgs::Twist vel_msg;
		vel_msg.linear.x = 0.5;
		vel_msg.angular.z = 0.2;

	    // 发布消息
		turtle_vel_pub.publish(vel_msg);
		ROS_INFO("Publsh turtle velocity command[%0.2f m/s, %0.2f rad/s]", 
				vel_msg.linear.x, vel_msg.angular.z);

	    // 按照循环频率延时
	    loop_rate.sleep();
	}

	return 0;
}

• Python

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将发布turtle1/cmd_vel话题，消息类型geometry_msgs::Twist

import rospy
from geometry_msgs.msg import Twist

def velocity_publisher():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('velocity_publisher', anonymous=True)

	# 创建一个Publisher，发布名为/turtle1/cmd_vel的topic，消息类型为geometry_msgs::Twist，队列长度10
    turtle_vel_pub = rospy.Publisher('/turtle1/cmd_vel', Twist, queue_size=10)

	#设置循环的频率
    rate = rospy.Rate(10) 

    while not rospy.is_shutdown():
		# 初始化geometry_msgs::Twist类型的消息
        vel_msg = Twist()
        vel_msg.linear.x = 0.5
        vel_msg.angular.z = 0.2

		# 发布消息
        turtle_vel_pub.publish(vel_msg)
    	rospy.loginfo("Publsh turtle velocity command[%0.2f m/s, %0.2f rad/s]", 
				vel_msg.linear.x, vel_msg.angular.z)

		# 按照循环频率延时
        rate.sleep()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        velocity_publisher()
    except rospy.ROSInterruptException:
        pass

2.4 订阅者Subscriber的编程实现

---

• C++

/**
 * 该例程将订阅/turtle1/pose话题，消息类型turtlesim::Pose
 */
 
#include 
#include "turtlesim/Pose.h"

// 接收到订阅的消息后，会进入消息回调函数
void poseCallback(const turtlesim::Pose::ConstPtr& msg)
{
    // 将接收到的消息打印出来
    ROS_INFO("Turtle pose: x:%0.6f, y:%0.6f", msg->x, msg->y);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // 初始化ROS节点
    ros::init(argc, argv, "pose_subscriber");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle n;

    // 创建一个Subscriber，订阅名为/turtle1/pose的topic，注册回调函数poseCallback
    ros::Subscriber pose_sub = n.subscribe("/turtle1/pose", 10, poseCallback);

    // 循环等待回调函数
    ros::spin();

    return 0;
}

• Python

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将订阅/turtle1/pose话题，消息类型turtlesim::Pose

import rospy
from turtlesim.msg import Pose

def poseCallback(msg):
    rospy.loginfo("Turtle pose: x:%0.6f, y:%0.6f", msg.x, msg.y)

def pose_subscriber():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('pose_subscriber', anonymous=True)

	# 创建一个Subscriber，订阅名为/turtle1/pose的topic，注册回调函数poseCallback
    rospy.Subscriber("/turtle1/pose", Pose, poseCallback)

	# 循环等待回调函数
    rospy.spin()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    pose_subscriber()

2.5 话题消息的定义与使用

---

• C++

/**
 * 该例程将发布/person_info话题，自定义消息类型learning_topic::Person
 */
 
#include 
#include "learning_topic/Person.h"

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // ROS节点初始化
    ros::init(argc, argv, "person_publisher");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle n;

    // 创建一个Publisher，发布名为/person_info的topic，消息类型为learning_topic::Person，队列长度10
    ros::Publisher person_info_pub = n.advertise<learning_topic::Person>("/person_info", 10);

    // 设置循环的频率
    ros::Rate loop_rate(1);

    int count = 0;
    while (ros::ok())
    {
        // 初始化learning_topic::Person类型的消息
    	learning_topic::Person person_msg;
		person_msg.name = "Tom";
		person_msg.age  = 18;
		person_msg.sex  = learning_topic::Person::male;

        // 发布消息
		person_info_pub.publish(person_msg);

       	ROS_INFO("Publish Person Info: name:%s  age:%d  sex:%d", 
				  person_msg.name.c_str(), person_msg.age, person_msg.sex);

        // 按照循环频率延时
        loop_rate.sleep();
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 * 该例程将订阅/person_info话题，自定义消息类型learning_topic::Person
 */
 
#include 
#include "learning_topic/Person.h"

// 接收到订阅的消息后，会进入消息回调函数
void personInfoCallback(const learning_topic::Person::ConstPtr& msg)
{
    // 将接收到的消息打印出来
    ROS_INFO("Subcribe Person Info: name:%s  age:%d  sex:%d", 
			 msg->name.c_str(), msg->age, msg->sex);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // 初始化ROS节点
    ros::init(argc, argv, "person_subscriber");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle n;

    // 创建一个Subscriber，订阅名为/person_info的topic，注册回调函数personInfoCallback
    ros::Subscriber person_info_sub = n.subscribe("/person_info", 10, personInfoCallback);

    // 循环等待回调函数
    ros::spin();

    return 0;
}

• Python

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将发布/person_info话题，自定义消息类型learning_topic::Person

import rospy
from learning_topic.msg import Person

def velocity_publisher():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('person_publisher', anonymous=True)

	# 创建一个Publisher，发布名为/person_info的topic，消息类型为learning_topic::Person，队列长度10
    person_info_pub = rospy.Publisher('/person_info', Person, queue_size=10)

	#设置循环的频率
    rate = rospy.Rate(10) 

    while not rospy.is_shutdown():
		# 初始化learning_topic::Person类型的消息
    	person_msg = Person()
    	person_msg.name = "Tom";
    	person_msg.age  = 18;
    	person_msg.sex  = Person.male;

		# 发布消息
        person_info_pub.publish(person_msg)
    	rospy.loginfo("Publsh person message[%s, %d, %d]", 
				person_msg.name, person_msg.age, person_msg.sex)

		# 按照循环频率延时
        rate.sleep()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        velocity_publisher()
    except rospy.ROSInterruptException:
        pass

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将订阅/person_info话题，自定义消息类型learning_topic::Person

import rospy
from learning_topic.msg import Person

def personInfoCallback(msg):
    rospy.loginfo("Subcribe Person Info: name:%s  age:%d  sex:%d", 
			 msg.name, msg.age, msg.sex)

def person_subscriber():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('person_subscriber', anonymous=True)

	# 创建一个Subscriber，订阅名为/person_info的topic，注册回调函数personInfoCallback
    rospy.Subscriber("/person_info", Person, personInfoCallback)

	# 循环等待回调函数
    rospy.spin()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    person_subscriber()

2.6 客户端Client的编程实现

• C++

/**
 * 该例程将请求/spawn服务，服务数据类型turtlesim::Spawn
 */

#include 
#include 

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // 初始化ROS节点
	ros::init(argc, argv, "turtle_spawn");

    // 创建节点句柄
	ros::NodeHandle node;

    // 发现/spawn服务后，创建一个服务客户端，连接名为/spawn的service
	ros::service::waitForService("/spawn");//阻塞型函数
	ros::ServiceClient add_turtle = node.serviceClient<turtlesim::Spawn>("/spawn");

    // 初始化turtlesim::Spawn的请求数据
	turtlesim::Spawn srv;
	srv.request.x = 2.0;
	srv.request.y = 2.0;
	srv.request.name = "turtle2";

    // 请求服务调用
	ROS_INFO("Call service to spwan turtle[x:%0.6f, y:%0.6f, name:%s]", 
			 srv.request.x, srv.request.y, srv.request.name.c_str());

	add_turtle.call(srv); //阻塞型函数

	// 显示服务调用结果
	ROS_INFO("Spwan turtle successfully [name:%s]", srv.response.name.c_str());

	return 0;
};

• Python

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将请求/spawn服务，服务数据类型turtlesim::Spawn

import sys
import rospy
from turtlesim.srv import Spawn

def turtle_spawn():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('turtle_spawn')

	# 发现/spawn服务后，创建一个服务客户端，连接名为/spawn的service
    rospy.wait_for_service('/spawn')
    try:
        add_turtle = rospy.ServiceProxy('/spawn', Spawn)

		# 请求服务调用，输入请求数据
        response = add_turtle(2.0, 2.0, 0.0, "turtle2")
        return response.name
    except rospy.ServiceException, e:
        print "Service call failed: %s"%e

if __name__ == "__main__":
	#服务调用并显示调用结果
    print "Spwan turtle successfully [name:%s]" %(turtle_spawn())

2.7 服务端Server的编程实现

• C++

/**
 * 该例程将执行/turtle_command服务，服务数据类型std_srvs/Trigger
 */
 
#include 
#include 
#include 

ros::Publisher turtle_vel_pub;
bool pubCommand = false;

// service回调函数，输入参数req，输出参数res
bool commandCallback(std_srvs::Trigger::Request  &req,
         			std_srvs::Trigger::Response &res)
{
	pubCommand = !pubCommand;

    // 显示请求数据
    ROS_INFO("Publish turtle velocity command [%s]", pubCommand==true?"Yes":"No");

	// 设置反馈数据
	res.success = true;
	res.message = "Change turtle command state!"

    return true;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // ROS节点初始化
    ros::init(argc, argv, "turtle_command_server");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle n;

    // 创建一个名为/turtle_command的server，注册回调函数commandCallback
    ros::ServiceServer command_service = n.advertiseService("/turtle_command", commandCallback);

	// 创建一个Publisher，发布名为/turtle1/cmd_vel的topic，消息类型为geometry_msgs::Twist，队列长度10
	turtle_vel_pub = n.advertise<geometry_msgs::Twist>("/turtle1/cmd_vel", 10);

    // 循环等待回调函数
    ROS_INFO("Ready to receive turtle command.");

	// 设置循环的频率
	ros::Rate loop_rate(10);

	while(ros::ok())
	{
		// 查看一次回调函数队列
    	ros::spinOnce();
		
		// 如果标志为true，则发布速度指令
		if(pubCommand)
		{
			geometry_msgs::Twist vel_msg;
			vel_msg.linear.x = 0.5;
			vel_msg.angular.z = 0.2;
			turtle_vel_pub.publish(vel_msg);
		}

		//按照循环频率延时
	    loop_rate.sleep();
	}

    return 0;
}

• Python

注意，ros在Python中没有spinonce方法，可通过多线程来实现

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将执行/turtle_command服务，服务数据类型std_srvs/Trigger

import rospy
import thread,time
from geometry_msgs.msg import Twist
from std_srvs.srv import Trigger, TriggerResponse

pubCommand = False;
turtle_vel_pub = rospy.Publisher('/turtle1/cmd_vel', Twist, queue_size=10)

def command_thread():	
	while True:
		if pubCommand:
			vel_msg = Twist()
			vel_msg.linear.x = 0.5
			vel_msg.angular.z = 0.2
			turtle_vel_pub.publish(vel_msg)
			
		time.sleep(0.1)

def commandCallback(req):
	global pubCommand
	pubCommand = bool(1-pubCommand)

	# 显示请求数据
	rospy.loginfo("Publish turtle velocity command![%d]", pubCommand)

	# 反馈数据
	return TriggerResponse(1, "Change turtle command state!")

def turtle_command_server():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('turtle_command_server')

	# 创建一个名为/turtle_command的server，注册回调函数commandCallback
    s = rospy.Service('/turtle_command', Trigger, commandCallback)

	# 循环等待回调函数
    print "Ready to receive turtle command."

    thread.start_new_thread(command_thread, ())
    rospy.spin()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    turtle_command_server()

2.8 服务数据的定义与使用

• C++

//客户端
/**
 * 该例程将请求/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person
 */

#include 
#include "learning_service/Person.h"

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // 初始化ROS节点
	ros::init(argc, argv, "person_client");

    // 创建节点句柄
	ros::NodeHandle node;

    // 发现/spawn服务后，创建一个服务客户端，连接名为/spawn的service
	ros::service::waitForService("/show_person");
	ros::ServiceClient person_client = node.serviceClient<learning_service::Person>("/show_person");

    // 初始化learning_service::Person的请求数据
	learning_service::Person srv; //注意要跟srv的文件名相同
	srv.request.name = "Tom";
	srv.request.age  = 20;
	srv.request.sex  = learning_service::Person::Request::male;

    // 请求服务调用
	ROS_INFO("Call service to show person[name:%s, age:%d, sex:%d]", 
			 srv.request.name.c_str(), srv.request.age, srv.request.sex);

	person_client.call(srv);

	// 显示服务调用结果
	ROS_INFO("Show person result : %s", srv.response.result.c_str());

	return 0;
};





//服务端

/**
 * 该例程将执行/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person
 */
 
#include 
#include "learning_service/Person.h"

// service回调函数，输入参数req，输出参数res
bool personCallback(learning_service::Person::Request  &req,
         			learning_service::Person::Response &res)
{
    // 显示请求数据
    ROS_INFO("Person: name:%s  age:%d  sex:%d", req.name.c_str(), req.age, req.sex);

	// 设置反馈数据
	res.result = "OK";

    return true;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    // ROS节点初始化
    ros::init(argc, argv, "person_server");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle n;

    // 创建一个名为/show_person的server，注册回调函数personCallback
    ros::ServiceServer person_service = n.advertiseService("/show_person", personCallback);

    // 循环等待回调函数
    ROS_INFO("Ready to show person informtion.");
    ros::spin();

    return 0;
}

• Python

客户端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将请求/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person

import sys
import rospy
from learning_service.srv import Person, PersonRequest

def person_client():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('person_client')

	# 发现/spawn服务后，创建一个服务客户端，连接名为/spawn的service
    rospy.wait_for_service('/show_person')
    try:
        person_client = rospy.ServiceProxy('/show_person', Person)

		# 请求服务调用，输入请求数据
        response = person_client("Tom", 20, PersonRequest.male)
        return response.result
    except rospy.ServiceException, e:
        print "Service call failed: %s"%e

if __name__ == "__main__":
	#服务调用并显示调用结果
    print "Show person result : %s" %(person_client())



服务端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将执行/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person

import rospy
from learning_service.srv import Person, PersonResponse

def personCallback(req):
	# 显示请求数据
    rospy.loginfo("Person: name:%s  age:%d  sex:%d", req.name, req.age, req.sex)

	# 反馈数据
    return PersonResponse("OK")

def person_server():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('person_server')

	# 创建一个名为/show_person的server，注册回调函数personCallback
    s = rospy.Service('/show_person', Person, personCallback)

	# 循环等待回调函数
    print "Ready to show person informtion."
    rospy.spin()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    person_server()

2.9 参数的使用与编程方法

• C++

/**
 * 该例程设置/读取海龟例程中的参数
 */
#include 
#include 
#include 

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int red, green, blue;

    // ROS节点初始化
    ros::init(argc, argv, "parameter_config");

    // 创建节点句柄
    ros::NodeHandle node;

    // 读取背景颜色参数
	ros::param::get("/background_r", red);
	ros::param::get("/background_g", green);
	ros::param::get("/background_b", blue);

	ROS_INFO("Get Backgroud Color[%d, %d, %d]", red, green, blue);

	// 设置背景颜色参数
	ros::param::set("/background_r", 255);
	ros::param::set("/background_g", 255);
	ros::param::set("/background_b", 255);

	ROS_INFO("Set Backgroud Color[255, 255, 255]");

    // 读取背景颜色参数
	ros::param::get("/background_r", red);
	ros::param::get("/background_g", green);
	ros::param::get("/background_b", blue);

	ROS_INFO("Re-get Backgroud Color[%d, %d, %d]", red, green, blue);

	// 调用服务，刷新背景颜色
	ros::service::waitForService("/clear");
	ros::ServiceClient clear_background = node.serviceClient<std_srvs::Empty>("/clear");
	std_srvs::Empty srv;
	clear_background.call(srv);
	
	sleep(1);

    return 0;
}

• Python

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程设置/读取海龟例程中的参数

import sys
import rospy
from std_srvs.srv import Empty

def parameter_config():
	# ROS节点初始化
    rospy.init_node('parameter_config', anonymous=True)

	# 读取背景颜色参数
    red   = rospy.get_param('/background_r')
    green = rospy.get_param('/background_g')
    blue  = rospy.get_param('/background_b')

    rospy.loginfo("Get Backgroud Color[%d, %d, %d]", red, green, blue)

	# 设置背景颜色参数
    rospy.set_param("/background_r", 255);
    rospy.set_param("/background_g", 255);
    rospy.set_param("/background_b", 255);

    rospy.loginfo("Set Backgroud Color[255, 255, 255]");

	# 读取背景颜色参数
    red   = rospy.get_param('/background_r')
    green = rospy.get_param('/background_g')
    blue  = rospy.get_param('/background_b')

    rospy.loginfo("Get Backgroud Color[%d, %d, %d]", red, green, blue)

	# 发现/spawn服务后，创建一个服务客户端，连接名为/spawn的service
    rospy.wait_for_service('/clear')
    try:
        clear_background = rospy.ServiceProxy('/clear', Empty)

		# 请求服务调用，输入请求数据
        response = clear_background()
        return response
    except rospy.ServiceException, e:
        print "Service call failed: %s"%e

if __name__ == "__main__":
    parameter_config()

2.10 tf坐标系广播与监听的编程实现

• C++
  广播器的编写

/**
 * 该例程产生tf数据，并计算、发布turtle2的速度指令
 */

#include 
#include 
#include 

std::string turtle_name;

void poseCallback(const turtlesim::PoseConstPtr& msg)
{
	// 创建tf的广播器
	static tf::TransformBroadcaster br;

	// 初始化tf数据
	tf::Transform transform;
	transform.setOrigin( tf::Vector3(msg->x, msg->y, 0.0) );
	tf::Quaternion q;
	q.setRPY(0, 0, msg->theta);
	transform.setRotation(q);

	// 广播world与海龟坐标系之间的tf数据
	br.sendTransform(tf::StampedTransform(transform, ros::Time::now(), "world", turtle_name));
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // 初始化ROS节点
	ros::init(argc, argv, "my_tf_broadcaster");

	// 输入参数作为海龟的名字
	if (argc != 2)
	{
		ROS_ERROR("need turtle name as argument"); 
		return -1;
	}

	turtle_name = argv[1];

	// 订阅海龟的位姿话题
	ros::NodeHandle node;
	ros::Subscriber sub = node.subscribe(turtle_name+"/pose", 10, &poseCallback);

    // 循环等待回调函数
	ros::spin();

	return 0;
};

监听器的编写

/**
 * 该例程监听tf数据，并计算、发布turtle2的速度指令
 */

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	// 初始化ROS节点
	ros::init(argc, argv, "my_tf_listener");

    // 创建节点句柄
	ros::NodeHandle node;

	// 请求产生turtle2
	ros::service::waitForService("/spawn");
	ros::ServiceClient add_turtle = node.serviceClient<turtlesim::Spawn>("/spawn");
	turtlesim::Spawn srv;
	add_turtle.call(srv);

	// 创建发布turtle2速度控制指令的发布者
	ros::Publisher turtle_vel = node.advertise<geometry_msgs::Twist>("/turtle2/cmd_vel", 10);

	// 创建tf的监听器
	tf::TransformListener listener;

	ros::Rate rate(10.0);
	while (node.ok())
	{
		// 获取turtle1与turtle2坐标系之间的tf数据
		tf::StampedTransform transform;
		try
		{
			//查询是否有这两个坐标系，查询当前时间，如果超过3s则报错
			listener.waitForTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1", ros::Time(0), ros::Duration(3.0));

			listener.lookupTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1", ros::Time(0), transform);
		}
		catch (tf::TransformException &ex) 
		{
			ROS_ERROR("%s",ex.what());
			ros::Duration(1.0).sleep();
			continue;
		}

		// 根据turtle1与turtle2坐标系之间的位置关系，发布turtle2的速度控制指令
		geometry_msgs::Twist vel_msg;
		vel_msg.angular.z = 4.0 * atan2(transform.getOrigin().y(),
				                        transform.getOrigin().x());
		vel_msg.linear.x = 0.5 * sqrt(pow(transform.getOrigin().x(), 2) +
				                      pow(transform.getOrigin().y(), 2));
		turtle_vel.publish(vel_msg);

		rate.sleep();
	}
	return 0;
};

---

• Python

广播器的编写

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将请求/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person

import roslib
roslib.load_manifest('learning_tf')
import rospy

import tf
import turtlesim.msg

def handle_turtle_pose(msg, turtlename):
    br = tf.TransformBroadcaster()
    br.sendTransform((msg.x, msg.y, 0),
                     tf.transformations.quaternion_from_euler(0, 0, msg.theta),
                     rospy.Time.now(),
                     turtlename,
                     "world")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rospy.init_node('turtle_tf_broadcaster')
    turtlename = rospy.get_param('~turtle')
    rospy.Subscriber('/%s/pose' % turtlename,
                     turtlesim.msg.Pose,
                     handle_turtle_pose,
                     turtlename)
    rospy.spin()

监听器的编写

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 该例程将请求/show_person服务，服务数据类型learning_service::Person

import roslib
roslib.load_manifest('learning_tf')
import rospy
import math
import tf
import geometry_msgs.msg
import turtlesim.srv

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rospy.init_node('turtle_tf_listener')

    listener = tf.TransformListener()

    rospy.wait_for_service('spawn')
    spawner = rospy.ServiceProxy('spawn', turtlesim.srv.Spawn)
    spawner(4, 2, 0, 'turtle2')

    turtle_vel = rospy.Publisher('turtle2/cmd_vel', geometry_msgs.msg.Twist,queue_size=1)

    rate = rospy.Rate(10.0)
    while not rospy.is_shutdown():
        try:
            (trans,rot) = listener.lookupTransform('/turtle2', '/turtle1', rospy.Time(0))
        except (tf.LookupException, tf.ConnectivityException, tf.ExtrapolationException):
            continue

        angular = 4 * math.atan2(trans[1], trans[0])
        linear = 0.5 * math.sqrt(trans[0] ** 2 + trans[1] ** 2)
        cmd = geometry_msgs.msg.Twist()
        cmd.linear.x = linear
        cmd.angular.z = angular
        turtle_vel.publish(cmd)

        rate.sleep()

2.11 launch启动文件的使用方法

Launch文件 ：通过XML文件实现多节点的配置和启动（可自动启动ROS Master）
Launch文件语法：

---

参数设置

---

重映射

注意，映射完后原资源就不复存在了

---

嵌套

---

其他：https://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/XML

例1：

<launch>
    <node pkg="learning_topic" type="person_subscriber" name="talker" output="screen" />
    <node pkg="learning_topic" type="person_publisher" name="listener" output="screen" /> 
launch>

例2：

<launch>

	<param name="/turtle_number"   value="2"/>

    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtlesim_node" name="turtlesim_node">
		<param name="turtle_name1"   value="Tom"/>
		<param name="turtle_name2"   value="Jerry"/>

		<rosparam file="$(find learning_launch)/config/param.yaml" command="load"/>
	node>

    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtle_teleop_key" name="turtle_teleop_key" output="screen"/>

launch>

例3：

 <launch>

    
    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtlesim_node" name="sim"/>
    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtle_teleop_key" name="teleop" output="screen"/>

    <node pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_broadcaster" args="/turtle1" name="turtle1_tf_broadcaster" />
    <node pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_broadcaster" args="/turtle2" name="turtle2_tf_broadcaster" />

    <node pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_listener" name="listener" />

  launch>

例4：

<launch>

	
	<node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtlesim_node" name="sim"/>
	<node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtle_teleop_key" name="teleop" output="screen"/>

	<node name="turtle1_tf_broadcaster" pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_broadcaster.py">
	  <param name="turtle" type="string" value="turtle1" />
	node>
	<node name="turtle2_tf_broadcaster" pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_broadcaster.py">
	  <param name="turtle" type="string" value="turtle2" /> 
	node>

    <node pkg="learning_tf" type="turtle_tf_listener.py" name="listener" />

launch>

例5：

<launch>

	<include file="$(find learning_launch)/launch/simple.launch" />

    <node pkg="turtlesim" type="turtlesim_node" name="turtlesim_node">
		<remap from="/turtle1/cmd_vel" to="/cmd_vel"/>
	node>

launch>

2.12 常用可视化工具的使用

2.12.1 rqt

rqt 是一个比较综合的工具，集成了rqt_ploat 等一系列的工具，可用于机器人的上位机调试软件

2.12.2 Rviz

roscore
rosrun rviz rviz

2.12.3 Gazebo

roslaunch gazebo_ros