Fastq格式详解
FASTQ是基于文本的，保存生物序列（通常是核酸序列）和其测序质量信息的标准格式。其序列以及质量信息都是使用一个ASCII字符标示，最初由Sanger开发，目的是将FASTA序列与质量数据放到一起，目前已经成为高通量测序结果的事实标准。
格式说明
FASTQ文件中每个序列通常有四行：
- 序列标识以及相关的描述信息，以‘@’开头；
- 第二行是序列
- 第三行以‘+’开头，后面是序列标示符、描述信息，或者什么也不加
- 第四行，是质量信息，和第二行的序列相对应，每一个序列都有一个质量评分，根据评分体系的不同，每个字符的含义表示的数字也不相同。
@SEQ_ID GATTTGGGGTTCAAAGCAGTATCGATCAAATAGTAAATCCATTTGTTCAACTCACAGTTT + !''*((((***+))%%%++)(%%%%).1***-+*''))**55CCF>>>>>>CCCCCCC65
Illumina sequence identifiers
@HWUSI-EAS100R:6:73:941:1973#0/1
| HWUSI-EAS100R | the unique instrument name |
|---|---|
| 6 | flowcell lane |
| 73 | tile number within the flowcell lane |
| 941 | ‘x’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 1973 | ‘y’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| #0 | index number for a multiplexed sample (0 for no indexing) |
| /1 | the member of a pair, /1 or /2 (paired-end or mate-pair reads only) |
@EAS139:136:FC706VJ:2:2104:15343:197393 1:Y:18:ATCACG
| EAS139 | the unique instrument name |
|---|---|
| 136 | the run id |
| FC706VJ | the flowcell id |
| 2 | flowcell lane |
| 2104 | tile number within the flowcell lane |
| 15343 | ‘x’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 197393 | ‘y’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile |
| 1 | the member of a pair, 1 or 2 (paired-end or mate-pair reads only) |
| Y | Y if the read fails filter (read is bad), N otherwise |
| 18 | 0 when none of the control bits are on, otherwise it is an even number |
| ATCACG | index sequence |
NCBI Sequence Read Archive
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36 GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACC +SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9IC
关于质量编码格式
质量评分指的是一个碱基的错误概率的对数值。其最初在Phred拼接软件中定义与使用，其后在许多软件中得到使用。其质量得分与错误概率的对应关系见下表：
| Phred Quality Score | Probability of incorrect base call | Base call accuracy |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | 1 in 10 | 90 % |
| 20 | 1 in 100 | 99 % |
| 30 | 1 in 1000 | 99.9 % |
| 40 | 1 in 10000 | 99.99 % |
| 50 | 1 in 100000 | 99.999 % |
Phred quality scores Q are defined as a property which is logarithmically related to the base-calling error probabilities P.
除了Phred质量得分换算标准，还有就是Solexa标准：
两种换算标准的比较：
Relationship between Q and p using the Sanger (red) and Solexa (black) equations (described above). The vertical dotted line indicates p = 0.05, or equivalently, Q ≈ 13.
对于每个碱基的质量编码标示，不同的软件采用不同的方案，目前有5种方案：
- Sanger，Phred quality score，值的范围从0到92，对应的ASCII码从33到126，但是对于测序数据（raw read data）质量得分通常小于60，序列拼接或者mapping可能用到更大的分数。
- Solexa/Illumina 1.0, Solexa/Illumina quality score，值的范围从-5到63，对应的ASCII码从59到126，对于测序数据，得分一般在-5到40之间；
- Illumina 1.3+，Phred quality score，值的范围从0到62对应的ASCII码从64到126，低于测序数据，得分在0到40之间；
- Illumina 1.5+，Phred quality score，但是0到2作为另外的标示，详见http://solexaqa.sourceforge.net/questions.htm#illumina
- Illumina 1.8+
下面是更为直观的表示：
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.....................................................
..........................XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX......................
...............................IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII......................
.................................JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ......................
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL....................................................
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
| | | | | |
33 59 64 73 104 126
S - Sanger Phred+33, raw reads typically (0, 40)
X - Solexa Solexa+64, raw reads typically (-5, 40)
I - Illumina 1.3+ Phred+64, raw reads typically (0, 40)
J - Illumina 1.5+ Phred+64, raw reads typically (3, 40)
with 0=unused, 1=unused, 2=Read Segment Quality Control Indicator (bold)
(Note: See discussion above).
L - Illumina 1.8+ Phred+33, raw reads typically (0, 41)
文件后缀
没有特别的规定，通常使用.fq, .fastq, .txt等。
A FASTQ file normally uses four lines per sequence. Line 1 begins with a '@' character and is followed by a sequence identifier and an optional description (like a FASTA title line). Line 2 is the raw sequence letters. Line 3 begins with a '+' character and is optionally followed by the same sequence identifier (and any description) again. Line 4 encodes the quality values for the sequence in Line 2, and must contain the same number of symbols as letters in the sequence.
FASTQ格式的序列一般都包含有四行，第一行由'@'开始，后面跟着序列的描述信息，这点跟FASTA格式是一样的。第二行是序列。第三行由'+'开始，后面也可以跟着序列的描述信息。第四行是第二行序列的质量评价（quality values，注：应该是测序的质量评价），字符数跟第二行的序列是相等的。
FASTQ格式例子：
@SEQ_ID GATTTGGGGTTCAAAGCAGTATCGATCAAATAGTAAATCCATTTGTTCAACTCACAGTTT + !''*((((***+))%%%++)(%%%%).1***-+*''))**55CCF>>>>>>CCCCCCC65
例如在NCBI看到的FASTQ格式如下：
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36 GGGTGATGGCCGCTGCCGATGGCGTCAAATCCCACC +SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII9IG9ICFASTQ格式与Fasta格式、GenBank等格式的相互转换，看 BioPerl指南 – 序列格式的转换