熟悉规律方法：首先，语法；再则，段落主旨的归纳；最后，错题归纳，在文章中重新找一遍，不看答案。98-2004，做地点排除练习，不做时间定点做题。2005-2011做定点做题，同时2012-2015控制时间。
一、八级阅读考查的总要领
1.略读(skim):文章大意
2. 扫读(scan)：细节点，如人名、地名特定信息
3. 研读(study)：段落逻辑、上下文指代、段落主旨
课程讲解顺序
1.有句法结构到单句阅读
2. 有单句阅读到段落主旨归纳
3. 有段落主旨归纳到解题技巧
二、如何处理单词和阅读的关系
1.过词而不是背词 把熟练程度分开，过词即认识其一个意思，因为背多忘多。不认识、不太熟悉的词放在阅读中去记
2.控制背词时间，增加阅读时间
3. 理想的过词顺序什么时间点背词
措施：早上腾出半小时，把能过的单词过一下，过时采取不同顺序，标记认识和不认识的。中午、下午过同样的单词。过词时间长，背词短。因为背词使得放在文章中就读不懂了。而放在句中记可以让我们提高上下文理解能力
三、一些已经在八级改错中出现的混淆词
1. conscious/conscientious
Awareness /
2. literal/literary
3. imaginary/imaginative
四、语法需分三步走
1. 五种语言现象
2.否定和因果结构
转折、因果、否定必读
3. 看清省略、指代暗示
副词表程度，可放在形容词和动词；名词、副词+形容词可放在名词前面
技巧（定位）→没技巧→基础→字句归纳
As early as elementary school, we are told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of school lunch line. （2010 年 TEXT B）
翻译：早在小学的时候，就有人告诉我们插队是不道德行为，这也是为什么诸多美国国会议员将移民辩论视为类似于学校午餐插队那样的恶行。
The other problem that arises from the employment is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks.
翻译：由雇佣引起的另一个问题是工作女性的问题。体现在两方面：一方面妻子比丈夫更成功，另一个是妻子在家务方面严重 依赖于丈夫的帮助。
限定形定语从句和非限定定语从句的差别：
前者为限定修饰，经常前置处理
后者为非限定修饰，做补充说明，经常后置
同位语从句
1：定语从句特征
名词that句子，名词在后面的句子中有成分
主语：名词who 句子；名词 which 句子；名词 that 句子；名词， which/who…
宾语：whom/which/that/省略；
所有格：whose/of which；
地点：at which/in which/where；
时间：at which/in which/when）
2：同位语从句的前行名词通常在后面句子中无成分
What does this thing that people cannot escape consist of these days? And what do people look at when decoding which class someone belongs to? The most useful identifying markers, according to the poll, are occupation, address, accent and income, in that order. The fact that income comes fourth is revealing: though some of the habits and attitudes that class used to define are more widely spread than they were, class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth. (2011 年 TEXT C)
3：和“看法、思想、现象、事实、理论”等词汇相关的可能是同位语从句：fact, phenomenon, idea, thought, ideology, theory, remark, statement, comment, observation
4：如果还是看不出来区别，看一下 that, which 等词后面的句子字数，长向后推 着说，短前置，加“的”字
名词化从句
第二讲：段落主旨归纳
一、首尾：四种段落展开：
1、开门见山
直接出现主旨
2、抛砖引玉
转折后出现主旨
3、现象解释
常见于散文，先描述现象，而解释往往是主旨
4、问题回答
开篇是问题，回答很可能是主旨
二、特别要注意和“但是”有关的位置
中文翻译过来不是转折，但在英文中是
1、But, Nevertheless, However, Yet, while, though, although
2、实际上：Actually, In fact, As a matter of fact, Indeed, Rather, Instead,
3、和“震惊、不幸、讽刺、矛盾”：Astonishingly, Surprisingly, Shockingly, Stunningly, Startlingly, Unfortunately, Satirically, Ironically, Paradoxically
4、Most people believe that… But…/It is often thought that…But…/Typically, …./Historically, …/Conventionally, ….
三、应该跳读和上下照应的部分
1、时间、地点具体化
如作者具体化他的经历
2、出现一些不认识的人物
3、试验的过程
用于证明观点，会有证明过程，会妨碍理解。但事件的体现和结果是主旨
4、叙述的过程
小说常见，容易陷进叙事中，忘记题目
总结：
1.阅读不是翻译，翻译时第二遍阅读
2. 段落主旨归纳是阅读的本，即READING COMPREHENSION
3. 首位转折是关键
4. 开篇段如果有具体化迹象需要找主题观点（现象解释才是真）
5. 注意反问句（语气弦外之音才是真）
6. 查收细节是假，段落主旨归纳、大意理解是真
第三讲：定位查询
一、定位方法
1）出题者知道你会定位
招法 1：定位模糊
2011年TEXT D
The description of the couple’s clothes and behavior at the beginning of the passage seems to indicate that they had a sense of
A.secrecy秘密的，文章中的furtive
B.elation得意洋洋的
C.superiority优越感，与文章刚好相反。可根据ity猜测其意思
D.awkwardness概括了shy和blush
The train was whirling onward with such dignity of motion that a glance from the window seemed simply to prove that plains of Texas were pouring eastward. Vast flats of green grass, dull-hued spaces of mesquite and cactus, little groups of frame houses, woods of light and tender trees, all were sweeping into the east, sweeping over the horizon, a precipice.
A newly married pair had boarded this coach at San Antonio. The man's face was reddened from many days in the wind and sun, and a direct result of his new black clothes was that his brick-colored hands were constantly performing in a most conscious fashion. From time to time he looked down respectfully at his attire. He sat with a hand on each knee, like a man waiting in a barber's shop. The glances he devoted to other passengers were furtive and shy.
The bride was not pretty, nor was she very young. She wore a dress of blue cashmere, with small reservations of velvet here and there, and with steel buttons abounding. She continually twisted her head to regard her puff sleeves, very stiff, and high. They embarrassed her. It was quite apparent that she had cooked, and that she expected to cook, dutifully. The blushes caused by the careless scrutiny of some passengers as she had entered the car were strange to see upon this plain, under-class countenance, which was drawn in placid, almost emotionless lines.
They were evidently very happy.
(这里是心态，题目为穿着）"Ever been in a parlor-car before?" he asked,
smiling with delight.
招法 2：问单句的意思，而不是全文的主旨（对文章的精度考察）
16. What function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve?
A. It further explains high-tech hubris.
B. It confirms the effect of high-tech hubris.
C. It offers a cause for high-tech hubris.
D.It offers a contrast to high-tech hubris.
For office innovators, the unrealized dream of the "paperless" office is a classic example of high-tech hubris (傲慢). Today's office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before.
But after decades of hype, American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession. The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy, but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales — despite a healthy economic scene.
招法 3：实词和代词交错，扩大寻找范围（用she.he之类一直导下去）
题目：27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of
A. environmental value.
B.commercial value.
C. potential value for tourism.
D. great value for livelihood.
Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe’ s last pristine wilderness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can’t do anything about. But the truth is, once you’re off the beat-en paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they’re all bad, so Iceland’s natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhabitants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited—the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the “Mona Lisa.”
��二、基本对策
总结：
1）先看题，由名词定位到原文、顺序查询
1、名词不可改，但动词和形容词易改
2、寻找大写字母
3、有时可用标点符号定位，如名词-名词
2）注意指代前后串接
3）坚持段落主旨的归纳
4）坚持首尾必读、转折必读
句子阅读（长难句）-段落主旨归纳-题型-开查
备注：比较级、否定结构和因果结构总结
长句和难句的区别在哪里？
1）长句的语序干扰大
2）难句主要在否定、比较级和因果结构多
3）前者只是读着慢，后者经常读错，一旦针对性出题就会出问题
4）前者频率高，读熟了就好、后者出现频率低，一出就要命。
1：否定结构总结
大部分能找主谓宾，但比较句子结构找不到，是平行结构
难句结构1：比较平衡性(复杂比较级）
1) not so much A as B:与其说 a,不如说 b
2)less(more) A than B:与其说a（b），不如说b（a）
3)anything but 一点不和 nothing but不过双重否定
4) A is none other than B不是a就是b/nothing more than=only
5）句子比较级
例子: As a matter of fact, each advance in social levels is anything (nothing) but certain progress in tools and instruments.社会进步都是（都只不过是）工具的进步
句子比较级：Human beings are consuming water faster than they run out of food.(人们消耗水的速度比他们消耗食物的速度快)
用比较级的写法暗示最高级：No creatures have received more praises and abuses than a kind of common garden snail.
句子比较级：But Descartes and Hobbes didn’t think of themselves as those modern philosophers do.（“笛卡尔和霍布斯没有把自己看做现代哲学家”为什么是错误的）他们没有像当代哲学家一样看待自己
句子比较级：Hardly had I done when I did.(Hardly had I entered when the telephone rang.)
备注2：因果结构总结
1. owing to; due to 名词
2. thanks to好事
3. As a result of/Consequently中性
4.out of感情上的
5. for the sake of/By means of/By virtue of
6.as/since短语式
7. 动词结构
动词因果最容易错误的词汇：之所以，是因为
1. ascribe A to B（原因在后结果在前，之所以a是因为b）；attribute to(名词 be attributed to+名词)
2.A can be ascribed to B(A can be attributed to B)
The scarcity of deer in Texas can be ascribed to the emergence of some insects called the spiral flies. （之所以鹿少是因为…）
3. contribute A to B（之所以...是因为…） 和 A contribute to B（a导致b）
4. owe A to B（把A归因于B）
owe one’s success to:之所以成功，是因为
大部分能找主谓宾，但比较句子结构找不到，是平行结构
其他动词因果
1. 用介词判断：A originate from B/A can be traced back to B/A arise from B/A result in B/A result from B
2. 主系表判断：
be responsible for对……负责；是……的原因
A is to blame for B A是B的责任
Several medical studies show that too much cigarette smoking can be responsible for various kinds of chronic diseases ranging from hypertension to lunch cancer.吸烟要对各种各样的慢性疾病负责
值得注意的几个词：含蓄因果词？
1.have something to do with
2.Involve和... 相关
3. be linked with
4. be associated to
5. be related to:与...相关
难句结构3：否定结构：
1）until:
If something happens until a particular time, it happens before that time comes, and stops at that time. （主谓宾 at/on/in/during/until 时间）
如：I left the office at six.
改：I didn’t leave the office until six o’clock.我6点才离开办公室
改：It was not until six o’clock that I left the office.
改：Not until six o’clock did I leave the office.
2) before: 直到，才，就
例句：The organizing committee discussed four and half hours before announcing that the decision would stand.主委会讨论了半小时才确立这个决定
3）一些含有否定意味的词汇
unless: if not
few/a few, little/a little
seldom/hardly/never
other than/instead of doing/rather than do
例句：Instead of doing their part in improving the air quality in Beijing,
注意：名词的修饰句，一般比较短时，名词挪后。如果句子为主语
fail to do something/refuse to
overlook/neglect/ignore/deprive somebody of something/decline/
dis-under-im-un
free from/be far from being/less than/be in short of/too..to…
would have done/would not have done
第五讲：题型总结和选项筛查
1、三类题目
1）文章主旨（少）、作者态度（多）、段落主旨（很少）文章架构，一定拿分
2）细节查找→取非题→词汇指代题文章细节
3）推导、句子含义和修辞文章句子
二、各类题型解法
1）正确选项的特征
定位之后又和原文最大相近性的改写，通常为形容词-动词
注意否定词的出现：no, would（not）have, too, few, little, hardly, seldom, barely, less, fail to, refuse to, lack, rather than, instead of, be far from being….; be in short of; dis-, im-, un, until, before
动词、形容词和否定词的改写
2）错误选项特征
就近排查不存在的名词
最高级的选项(est/the most/the least)
名词前面的限定语（形容词）、情态动词（will-must-can-may-might）、助动词、
绝对化限定词：all, just, only
如文章junk food contains sugar(一般现在时是指常规性，规律性的）,答案sugar can be found in some junk food ，这是可以的。反过来是错的，因为是真理性答案
May是可能，would 和would have是可能性更大
三、典型题型和解法
类型1）文章主旨题的特点：
1）文章主旨题的问题方式
What is the central (main) idea of this passage?
What is the best topic of this passage?
What is this passage mainly about?
What is the main purpose of this passage?
2）解题方法
方法1：浏览各段首尾句、尤其是第一段和最后一段的首尾句
方法2：段落主旨不等于文章主旨
题型2：态度题
1）提问方法
What is the tone of this passage?
What is the author’s attitude towards …
2）解题方法
注意attitude后面的词，通常是定位点，回找原文
复习一些和态度有关的词
正面态度、负面态度、中性、褒贬
中立：neutral（中立的）, positive（积极的）, negative（消极的）
主观和客观：objective（客观的）, subjective（主观的）
辩证：dialectical（辩证的）, rational（理性的）, justified（合理的），reserved（有保留的）
冷漠：indifferent, detached, uninterested, unsympathetic
热情：enthusiastic, passionate, zeal
乐观：optimistic（乐观）, pessimistic（悲观）
偏见：prejudicial, partial, biased,
公正：impartial, disinterested（公正的）, compromising
怀疑：dubious, skeptical, speculative, ambiguous（模棱两可的）
确信：appreciative, approval, assured, convinced, conclusive（结论的）
广泛：comprehensive（广泛的）, qualified（限定的）
赞扬批评：praiseworthy（值得赞扬的）, critical（批评的），scornful（蔑视的）
题型3：例证题段落主旨的变形
1）提问方法：
Why the author mentioned …
The author cited … in order to…
The author mentioned … in order to show (illustrate/demonstrate)…
2）解题方法
例证本身如果复杂，定位段落主题句
题型4：词汇指代题：
提问方法：
The word in line … probably means…
解题方法：
定位原文，“怪词”要根据上下文判定单词的大致意思。
定位原文，认识的词汇要注意熟词僻意
题型5：取非题
提问方法:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
All the following is true EXCEPT …
Which of the following is INCORRECT?
解题方法：
注意文章中列举的位置
可以采取反向阅读方法从D选项读起
注意：取非题和词汇题都是从文章细节中查找
题型6：推导和喻体考察
喻体考察对单词和语法依托太强，所以不会做就跳过。先做主题，再是not，然后是推导
提问方法：
It can be implied/inferred/suggested/learned from the passage that …
解题方法：
1、注意段落主旨的归纳，名为句子定位，其实是段落大意
2、注意选项的错误改写方法
3、总结难句结构
题型7：直接问单句的意思
1、定位，放在文章中去找
2、是单词本意肯定不是喻体，偏离本意（有所夸张，或者衍生）是喻体
四、学会排除法
1. According to the passage 原则，如果找不到正确答案，就寻找错误答案的迹象。
2.无关名词、最高级、无关比较级别。
3. 限定语，如名词前面的形容词、副词限定、情态动词
4. 能说出错误选项的理由。
五、如果什么都不会怎么办？
1、多读
2、通过段落排查，尽量保证第一道题和最后一道题的争取率
3、对选项进行排查
4、挑选字数较多的选项
六、阅读理解的考核理念是什么
1、长难句阅读精度
2、段落主旨归纳
3、定位查询和排除
新题型讲义
一、考题的构成形式
1. 段落主旨概要、作者态度
2. 词汇的含义和指代
3.句子基本含义的理解
4.细节查询和组织
二、新题型在考什么
1. 大意理解
2. 基本拼读能力
3. 查找能力
4.组织和写单句的能力
三、做题流程
1. 审题
2. 定位原文
3. 上下文浏览
4. 选词词汇，短语，短句
四、NO MORE THAN 10 words的内涵是什么？
1. 用单词和短语，少用句子写翻易出错
2. 写简单句
3. 句子的基本形式是什么
五、短语的成分是什么？
1. 主宾的成分是什么？
2. 名词、动名词
3. 不定式 it is adj to do...
4. What 引导名词化从句
六、句子的基本结构是什么
1. 名词+动词+名词（主谓宾）
2.名词+系表动词+名词（主系表）
3.There be+名词+地点（某地方有某物）
4.It is 形容词 for somebody to do something
5. 被动语态
七、在以上句型中忽略了什么？
1. 定冠词和不定冠词
2. 介词
3.系表类型动词
4. 基本成分排列：
时间，名词+动词+名词+方法+地点+时间
例句：一对男女在我身后大声交谈。
翻译：A man and a woman were talking loudly behind me.
翻译：A man and a woman behind me were talking loudly behind me.
九、上述句型的扩展
1. （定冠/不定冠词）名词+动词+名词
2. 名词+seem/appear/remain/become形容词 主系表
3. 被动句：名词can be过去分词+方法+地点
九、基本方法
方法1：尽量用短语回答问题
方法2：注意上下文查找、近义词改写
方法3：浓缩句子结构
方法4：能用形容词不后置
能用介词短语少用分词和从句
需要写句子严守五大句子结构
方法5：充分利用真题做练习
十、段落主旨题的练习
注意：It指代已提到的物体和动物、看不出性别的事物，再则是最近的事物
注意复习一下态度词，转折、因果、否定必读，段落主旨归纳是把定位，理解句子意思后做总结
十一、词汇问答题练习：
解题方法：
注意上下文和熟词僻意
十二、细节和推导题：
注意文章中的名词重现和指代替换位置，
跳过一些陌生单词
注意文字标注
结语：
一、阅读、语言运用和新题型的共同之处在哪里？
1、都涉及单句阅读理解
2、都涉及段落主旨归纳二、如果阅读过程中读不懂怎么办
1）看一下文章的主题句，即首位必读、转折必读
2）用前期题目进行精读练习
3）用中期题目进行做题练习
4）用后期题目进行统练、控制做题时间
3、中期题目和后期题目至少两遍
1第一遍按照方法做题，练习定点、排除
2第二遍分析错题，尤其说出错误选项的理由
3不要将答案画在选项上
98-05练习段落主旨归纳，不要做题，3-4周，读到有语感和练习长难句
05-10，严格按照做题套路
10-15，模拟考试
做错题，分析答案，不要记答案