第二章 翻译

第二章　翻译

2010年真题（主旨词：sustainability）

Section Ⅲ Translation
Directions:
In this section, there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time. ’”
【参考译文】
近来，“承受力”成为了一个流行词，但对特德·宁而言，他对其却有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚地认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值 观必须体现在日常行为和抉择中。
宁回忆起 20 世纪 90 年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需找到一份工作，因此就与博德代理公司签了约。
但工作进展并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步，因为它不是我的热情所在，”宁说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成了他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁绪万千，常常在半夜 惊醒，望着天花板发愣。我身无分文，急需这份工作。大家都说‘耐心点，情况会好转的。’”

“Sustainability”主旨词 has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning.
“可持续性”已成为一个流行词,但是对于宁,概念总会有个人意义。

Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability- oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
他在自己的生活中经历了一段不可持续的痛苦时期，这使他明白，以可持续发展为导向的价值观必须通过日常行动和选择来表达。

Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.
宁回忆起上世纪90年代末，他在卖保险时度过了混乱的一年。

He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency. It didn’t go well.
他经历了互联网的繁荣和破灭，急需一份工作，与博尔德的一家经纪公司签约。事情并不顺利。

“It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.
宁说:“这真是一个糟糕的决定，因为那不是我的兴趣所在。”可以预见的是，他在这份工作上的困境会导致销售业绩的下降。

“I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job.
“我很痛苦，我非常焦虑，以至于我会在半夜醒来，盯着天花板看。我没有钱，需要这份工作。

Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”
每个人都说，‘等一下，你会转危为安，给它一点时间。’”

2011年真题（主旨句）

Section III Translation
46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 , depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
【参考译文】
谁会想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的 2%呢？
许多日常工作对环境造成了意想不到的危害。每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出 0.2 克至7.0克的二氧化碳，释放量的多少取决于使用者需要搜索多少次才能得到“正确”答案。 为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户，谷歌不得不在全世界范围内建立大型数据中心，并配备大功率计算机。除了排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会消耗更多的能量。
不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在密切监控其数据中心的工作效率并作出改进。监控只是减排的第一步，需要做的还有很多，而且这不单单是大公司的事情。

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体量与航空业差不多——大约占二氧化碳排放总量的2% ?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.
许多日常工作对环境造成了惊人的代价。

A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 , depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.
谷歌搜索可能会泄漏0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳，这取决于需要多少次尝试才能得到“正确”答案。

To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers.
因此，为了快速向用户提供结果，谷歌必须维护遍布世界各地的庞大数据中心，这些数据中心都配备了强大的计算机。

While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air- conditioned, which uses even more energy.
在产生大量二氧化碳的同时，这些电脑也会释放大量的热量，因此这些中心需要安装良好的空调，这将消耗更多的能源。

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements.
不过，谷歌和其他大型技术提供商密切关注自己的效率并做出改进。

Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
监管是减排之路的第一步，但还有很多工作要做，而且不仅仅是大公司要做。

2012年真题（主旨词：migration）

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .
【参考译文】
当发展中国家的人民担心移民问题的时候，他们通常担心的是在他们国家最优秀、最聪明的人才离开前往硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学之后他们国家的前景。而这些正是像英国、加拿大和澳大利亚试图通过“大学毕业生优先”的移民政策去吸引的人才。
大量研究表明发展中国家中受过高等教育的人更可能移民。2004 年一项对印度家庭的大规模调查发现：接近 40%的移民拥有高中以上学历，相比之下，整个印度 25 岁以上拥有高中学历的人仅占 3.3%左右。“人才流失”长期以来困扰着贫困国家的政策决策者。他们害怕这会破坏他们的经济，使他们失去急需的技术人才。这些人才本可以在国内大学任教，在国内医院任职，或发明出智能的新产品供国内的工厂生产制造。

2013年真题

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does — try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day — they both just pop into my mind in the same way
【参考译文】
从过去的 53 年里随便找出一天，我都能够立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天发生了什么新闻，甚至那一天是星期几。从 4 岁起，我就具备这种能力了。
我从来没有为自己所记住的大量的事情而感到不知所措。我似乎能够应对这种状况，能够有条理地将这些信息记在脑子里。当我想起悲伤的事情时，我会像每个人一样，尽力把它放在一边，不去想它。我并不认我因为我的记忆非常清晰，这么做对我来说就很难。强大的记忆力并不能使我的情感更加敏锐和生动。我能够记得我祖父去世的那一天，以及前一天我们去医院的路上所感到的悲伤。同样，我也能记得同一天
在百老汇上演的音乐剧《Hair》—这些事情都以同样的方式在我脑海里突然浮现。

文章出处：本文出自英国《卫报》2011 年 12 月 2 日生活版的一篇文章。原文标题是 Experience: I Remember Every Day of My Life（《经历：我记得生活中的每一天》）。
①I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.
②I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
③I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.
④My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.
⑤When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does — try to put it to one side. ⑥I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.
⑦Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.
⑧I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
⑨I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day — they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
翻译：

试题分析：
本篇短文共两段，9 句话，156 个词，是一篇有关“记忆力”的主题文章，主要讲述了“一个拥有
强大记忆力的人的种种表现"。本文主题贴近日常生活，相对于 2012 年(发展中国家的移民问题)、
2011 年(IT 行业的温室气体排放)和 2010 年(Ning 对承受力的体会)来讲，内容更易理解。在语言层
面，句式结构较为简单，难句较少。此外，基本没有出现高难词汇，多为四级难度的日常用词。整
体来讲，本文的翻译比较简单，但有些地方还需灵活把握，比如第二段③中的 overwhelmed (可参
考难句详解)，就需在准确理解词义和上下文逻辑的基础上，做灵活理解。其次要细细体会句与向
之间的关联性，比如第二段的⑤和⑥，如果孤立地逐句翻译，上下内容会严重脱节，甚至造成错误
理解。
语篇分析：
Para.1:①②是一个意群。①提出主题：自己拥有惊人的记忆力；②补充说明：自己从 4 岁起就有此
记忆力。
Para.2:③④是一个意群。③自己对信息的接受程度强；④补充解释：自己的大脑对信息的处理清晰有序。⑤⑥是新的意群，强调：自己虽记忆力强，但与常人一样对某些事情可选择忘却。⑦⑧⑨是
一个意群，旨在说明强大的记忆力并不代表情感会更鲜活。⑦是观点概括，⑧⑨是举例支持。
难句详解：
①：I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.
结构分析：I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly (where I was), (what happened in the news) and (even the day of the week).本句应注意并列连词 and 的使用，前边是谓语动词的并列 pick…and know…后边是三重宾语的并列 where…, what… and the day…,其中 where 和 what 引导的是宾语从句。
技巧点拨：pick 此处表示“随意选择”，不应理解为字面的“捡起”，根据具体语境对单词意义做具体
引申是考生背单词时必备的意识。
③：I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.
结构分析：
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information ( my brain absorbs).本句主干清晰，
需要注意的是该句中的定语从句 my brain absorbs 前省略了关系代词 that，先行词是 information。
技巧点拨：feel overwhelmed with 此处表示“感到不知所措”。overwhelm 做动词本身意思是“淹没，
压倒”，如果直译，译文会不通顺。
⑦：Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.
结构分析：Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.该句主干很清晰。any
more acute or vivid 作宾语补足语，补充说明 emotions.
技巧点拨：powerful 意思不难理解，表示有力量的，但在翻译中，直接将“有力量的”代人会使句子
生涩。原文 powerful memory 本身表述的是记忆力很好，所以可译为“强大的记忆力”或“极佳的记
忆力”。acute 有“(病)急性的；敏锐的，灵敏的;强烈的”多个含义，但鉴于被修饰词是 emotions,所以
理解为“强烈的”。
⑧：I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness 1 felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
结构分析：I can recall the day ( my grandfather died) and the sadness( I felt when we went to the hospital the day before).谓语动词 recall 后面跟有两个宾语，一个是 day,一个是 sadness。My grandfather died 是定语从句修饰 day, I felt…before 也是定语从句，修饰 sadness。所以作者回忆的是两件事情。the day before 是固定短语，意思是“前一天”。
技巧点拨：recall 表示“回忆”，但此处引申理解为“记得”较好。

2014年真题

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
【参考译文】
大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的 Tal Ben-Shahar 教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在 Ben-Shahar 看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。
Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。

2015 年真题（例题详解）

文章出处：本文源自一个心理学方面的网站 www. spring. org.uk，原文标题是 The Well-Travelled Road
Effect: Why Familiar Routes Fly By，根据英语(二)翻译大纲的要求，命题人对原文若干表达做了调
整处理。
①Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.
②It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.
③Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
④On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.
⑤The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
⑥This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.
⑦The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.
⑧When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
⑨And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
⑩So we assume it was shorter.
试题分析：
概述：本篇短文共三段，10 句话，156 个词，讲述了“熟悉的道路会让人觉得时间过得更快"这一心
理现象。
题材：本文主题“熟路效应”，属典型的社会心理范畴，与 2014 年翻译主题“如何看待并做到乐观”、
2013年“记忆力”都属贴近生活的大众题材，相对于2012年“发展中国家的移民问题”、2011 年“IT 行业的温室气体排放”和 2010 年“Ning 对承受力的体会”来讲，内容更易理解，文中生词等语言障碍完全可借助自己的真实感受与认知做适当分析、推理和猜测，这对考生获取理想分数无疑很有帮助。
语言：本文总计 156 个词(同 2013 年)，相对于 2014 年(147 个词)略有增加，但属正常范围(150 个
词左右)，用词也相对简单，基本都是大纲中的常见词，没有任何生僻或专业词汇。本文由三段组
成，共 10 句话，属六年来句子最多的年份之一，这意味着短句较多，旬子层面的理解难度不大。
总体来讲，2015 年翻译短文的语言偏易。
语篇分析：
本篇短文在行文逻辑上属“导人式”结构:
Para.1：是引子，以假定的“你”为例，讲述“熟悉的道路会让人觉得时间过得更快”这一心理现象。
Para.2：引出话题—“熟路效应”及其概念。
Para.3：扩展话题—详述“熟路效应”产生的原理。
逐段精讲： Para.1
①Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.
②It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.
③Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
④On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.
⑤The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
翻译：
①设想驾车行驶在一条非常熟悉的路线上。
②可以是上下班的路上，也可以是进城途中或者回家的路上。
③无论哪一条，你都对其各个转弯了如指掌。
④在这种路上，你开车很容易心不在焉，并且不太关注沿途的景色。
⑤结果就是你会觉得路途上所花的时间比实际要少。
语篇分析：
本段是引子，以假定的“你”为例，讲述“熟悉的道路会让人觉得时间过得更快”这一心理现象。
①通过 Think about…提出一设想情形(你)驾车行驶在一条熟悉的道路上；②③围绕①作补充论述:②
举例说明熟悉的道路有哪些，③强调( whichever/every twist and turn)你对这些道路的“熟悉”非同一
般(know…like the back of your hand)；④递进指出因道路熟悉而导致的结果—你会心不在焉( lose
concentration/ pay little attention)；⑤进一步指出你心不在焉所带来的后果( consequence)一产生错觉( perceive),认为路途花的时间少(即时间过得更快)。简而言之，本段有三个意群①②③→④→⑤，彼此间属因果递进关系，①②③讲对道路的熟悉，④讲熟悉导致的结果(心不在焉)，而⑤则是讲心不在焉产生的终极结果(错觉)。
逐句精解：
①：Think about diving a route (that’s very familiar).
本句是以动词短语 Think about…开头的折使句，表示“建议"，类似表达还有 Imagine…, 比如
Imagine winning the lottery jackpot. 想象一下我们中了彩票头奖的情景吧；句尾括号表达是关系代
词 hat 引导的定语从句，修饰限定前面的 a route,表示具体哪一种“线路”，鉴于该定语从句较短，可
把它与先行词 a route“合译”，即“一条非常熟悉的路线”。本句学习重点是 Think about…祈使句型，
可用于举例。
②：It could be your commute (to work)，a trip (into town) or the way (home).
本句的结构是 It could be…, …or…, 属常见举例句型，意思是 “可以是… ，…或…”主语 It 指代前一句中的“熟悉的路线”；句中三处画线表达 commute，trip 和 way 即是所举的三种线路，在 措辞上属于 route 的近义词替换；括号表达 to work 是介词短语(非不定式)作后置定语修饰 commute (通勤)，表示前往工作地的通勤路线，可灵活处理为“上下班的路途”，括号表达 into town 是介词短语作后置定语修饰 trip (旅程)，表示“去城里”或“进城”的路途，句尾括号表达 home 是副词作后置定语修饰 way,表示“回家”之路。本句的学习重点是举例的句型 I could be…, …or…；理解和翻译难点是 commute，但考生可根据上文的 route 以及下文举例中的 tip 和 way 推测它们应是近义词，进而加以理解和翻译。
③：Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
本句是复合句结构，前面是 Whichever 引导的让步状语从句( Whichever=No matter which 无论哪个)，后面是主句，前者对后者起语气加强的作用，强调你对熟悉线路的熟知达到了“了如指掌”的程度。在前面的从句中，代词 it 指代上文的 route(路线)，Whichever 则指上文所举的 commute, trip 和 way 中的任何一个，乃至其他；在主句中，主语是 you,谓语动词是 know,宾语是 every twist and turn(每一处转弯)，句尾画线表达 like…是介词短语作程度状语，修饰谓语动词 know,表示“知晓的程度”，也可以把 know…like the back of your hand 视为固定习语加以记忆，意为“对…了如指掌”。
本句的学习重点是 whichever 引导的让步状语从句和习语 know…like the back of your hand；理
解和翻译的难点是 twist and turn，对此考生可首先根据短文主题词 route 确定 turn 的具体含义应是
与道路相关的“拐弯处”，再根据并列词 and (其前后属同义逻辑)推测出 twist 的大概语义应与 turn
接近或类似，两者结合可翻译为“转弯”。
④：On these sorts of trips, it’s easy to (lose concentration on the driving) and (pay little attention to the passing scenery).
本句的主干是主系表结构…it’s easy to (lose…) and (pay…) ，其中 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是并列的不定式短语 to (lose…) and (pay…) ；在不定式短语中，lose concentration on（对…心不在焉）和 pay little attention to （很少关注）是并列的两个近义习语；句首的画线表达 On…是介词短语作 地点状语，表示后面主干信息发生的地点背景，其中的指示代词 these 指代上文③中的 whichever和②中的 commute to work，trip into town 和 the way home 这些熟悉的线路，本质上与①a route that’s very familiar 相同。
本句的学习重点是代词 these 的指代对象；形式主语 it 的“略译”；it’s easy to…翻译时可增补不
定式的逻辑主语，根据本段上下文中的 you，Para.2 中的 people, Para.3 中的 we，此处可增译“你”
作主语，表示泛指，即“在这种路上，你很容易…根据并列连词 and 后的熟悉短语 pay little attention to （很少关注）进而确定前面 lose concentration on（对…心不在焉）的理解与翻译；the passing scenery 字面语义是“经过的风景”，根据上下文和主题词(route)可调整翻译为“沿途的景色”。
⑤：The consequence is {that you perceive (that the trip has taken less time than it actually has)}.
本句的主干是主系表结构 The consequence（主）is（系）that（表）…，表示上文④…to lose
concentration on… and pay little attention to…带来的结果；在 that 引导的表语从句（具体的结果）中，主语是 you，谓语是 perceive（觉得），宾语是 that 引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句，表示具体 “感觉"的内容）；在 that 宾语从句中，主语是 the trip，谓语动词是 has taken（花费），宾语是 less time, 画线表达是 than 引导的比较状语从句，与前面的 less 形成语义对应，表明 “印象中花费的时间” 与“实际花费的时间” 的比较；在该状语从句中，主语 it 指代前面的 the trip，谓语部分则省略了 has后面的 taken, 以避免与前面的 has taken 发生重复（注：比较结构中常出现代词指代与表述省略的现象）。
学习重点：
consequence 一词所体现的上下文因果关系；that 表语从句中又包含 that 宾语从句；than
引导的比较结构常发生“代词指代”和“省略”现象；take 一词结合其后的宾语搭配 less time 应理解为“花费”。
难点：
对 perceive 一词缺乏认知的考生，一方面可根据此句的前后汉语译文将将其“顺出”；另一方面可根据下文 Para.2⑥… people tend to underestimate the time it takes familiar route, Para.3⑧… time seems to flow more quickly, Para.3⑩So we assume it was shorter 可以推断出其意应是 “觉得”“感觉” 或 “认为” 。
逐段精讲：Para.2
⑥：This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.
翻译：
⑥这就是“熟路效应”：人们往往会低估（游历）在熟悉路线上所花费的时间。
语篇分析：
本段由一句组成，承接上文并引出话题一熟路效应 (the well-travelled road effect)及其概念（冒
号后信息）。注意代词 This 的语义，它指代 Para.1 的举例信息（尤其⑤中的结论），起承上启下的作用：另外，本段冒号后的信息是对前面“熟路效应”概念的解释，在语义上与 Para.1⑤的意思高度切合，
理解时可相互参考。
逐句精解：
⑥：This is the Well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time (it lakes to travel a familiar route).
本句的主干是“主(This)系(is)表(the…effect)”结构，冒号后面的信息相当于同位语从句，对
the…effect 做进一步明确阐述，其中的括号表达是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰限定前面
的 the time，表示具体哪一方面的时间；在该定语从句中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短
语 to travel a familiar route，谓语动词是 takes（花费），其逻辑宾语即是省略的关系代词 that（指
代前面的 the time）。
学习重点：
This 指代 Para.1，尤其句⑤的信息；well-travelled 结合本文主题词“a route that’s very
familiar”以及冒号后面的解释信息 a familiar route 可推知应是“familiar”之意；road 是本文主题词route 的替换表达；effect（效果/效应）在语义上对应上文 Para.1⑤中的 consequence（结果）；people
是上文 Para.1⑤中 you 的替换表达；
underestimate the time 对应 Para. 1⑤中的 perceive that the trip has
taken less time than it actually has；
to travel a familiar route 对应 Para. 1①中的 driving a route that’s very
familiar；句尾定语从句与先行词 the time 的“合译”。
逐段精讲： Para.3
⑦The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.
⑧When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
⑨And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
⑩So we assume it was shorter.
翻译：
⑦该效应是由我们分配注意力的方式所引起的。
⑧当我们行驶在熟悉的道路上时，我们无须过于集中注意力，因此时间似乎流逝得更快。
⑨之后，在回想这段旅程时，由于没有特别留意，我们对旅途的记忆会不太清晰。
⑩于是，我们会觉得旅程较短。
语篇分析：
本段围绕话题（The effect）做扩展论述，详述“熟路效应”产生的原理。
本段的行文逻辑属总分关系⑦→⑧⑨⑩。⑦是总述句，开门见山指出“熟路效应”是由我们注意
力的分配方式所引起的；⑧⑨⑩对具体如何引起做详细讲述：⑧讲注意力不集中（这一注意力分配
方式）会让我们觉得时间流逝得更快，⑨讲注意力不集中（这一注意力分配方式）会让我们对旅程
产生模糊印象，⑩作总结，这就是我们的错觉(assume)，即“熟路效应”，产生的原因(So)，呼应本
段开头句⑦。
逐句精讲：
⑦：The effect is caused by the way (we allocate our attention).
be caused by 明确表示本句是对上文话题“the well-travelled road effect”的原因解释；括号表达是
省略了关系副词 that 或 in which 的定语从句，修饰限定前面的 the way，表示具体做什么事情的方
式。
学习重点：
The effect 指上文 Para.2 中的“the well-travelled road effect”，即 Para.1⑤中的 The
consequence；be caused by 表示“前果后因”，即 the way…是对 The effect 的原因解释；allocate our attention 是理解与翻译的难点，但作为 The effect 的原因解释信息，我们可借助 Para.1⑤中 The
consequence 的原因“… pay little attention…”来加以理解，即 allocate 在语义上接近 pay；句尾的定语从句比较简短，可与前面的先行词 the way “合译” ，即 “我们注意力的分配方式” 。
⑧：When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
本句的主干是主系表结构… time seems to flow more quickly，其中主语是 time。
seems 是系动词， 表语是不定式短语 to flow…，此处的 flow 根据主语 time 可引申理解为 “流逝” ，本部分信息整体上相当于 Para.1⑤…you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has；句首的画线表达是 When 引导的时间状语从句，表示主干信息发生的时间背景，其中的 travel 是 drive 的替换表达，介词 down 表示 “沿着” ，well-known 是上文 familiar 和 well-travelled 的替换表达，整个此部分表达相当于 Para.1④中的 On these sorts of trips；第二处画线表达是 because 引导的原因状语从句，表示主干信息发生的原因，其中的 concentrate much 表示“注意力高度集中”，don’t have to concentrate much 则相当于 Para.1④中的 easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery。
学习重点：
本句作为“熟路效应”的原理解释可与 Para.1④⑤关联起来理解。
⑨：And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
本句的主干是…we can’t remember the journey well…；句首的 afterwards 是副词，意为 “之后” ，
表示前后句的语义承接；画线表达 when…是时间状语从句，表示主干信息发生的时间背景，其中
的 come to 可理解为 “慢慢地” 或 “逐渐地” ，think back on 则是固定短语，意思是 “回想起” ，
代词 it 指代下文主句中的 the journey；句尾的画线表达是 because 引导的原因状语从句，表示主干
信息发生的原因，鉴于状状语在英译汉时常前置到主句前，此处译文亦可如此处理。
学习重点：
afterwards 作为语义街接词的用法：come to 的正确理解；英译汉时状语（从句）的前置。
⑩：So we assume it was shorter.
本句的主干是主谓宾结构…we assume (that)…；So 作为副词，表示前后句是因果语义关系，上
文为 “因” ，其后为 “果” ；主语 we 泛指 “人们”，可视为 Para.1⑤中的 you 和 Para.2⑥中的 People的替换表达；谓语动词 assume 原意是 “假设”，通常引申理解为依据不足的 “认为” ，暗示后面的观点可能是错误的，此词可视为 Para.1⑤中的 perceive，Para.2⑥中的 tend to underestimate 和 Para.
3⑧中的 seems 的替换表达；
assume 后面的宾语从句省略了引导词 that；在从句中，主语 it 指代 Para.
3⑨中的 journey；shorter 在语义上则对应 Para.3⑧… time seems to flow more quickly，Para.2⑥… people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route 和 Para.1⑤中…you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has。
学习重点：
So 作为语义衔接词的用法；assume 的正确理解；文中关键信息的同义转换。
课后作业：

1. Subways Are Spreading Fast
   The world’s first underground train, on the world’s first metro system, travelled the three and a half miles from Paddington to Farringdon on January 9th 1863. Then, as now, Londoners queued to get aboard the packed carriages. Another 29 years passed before Chicago became the second city to boast a metro whose first line ran on the ground rather than underground.
   But metro-building accelerated from the 1960s, in reaction to the growth of spreading gigantic
   metropolises around the world. Now almost 190 cities have metros, with more to come amid a fresh
   boom of construction in developing countries. In 2012 the Chinese cities of Suzhou, Kunming and
   Hangzhou opened theirs, as did Lima in Peru. Among the proud new owners of a metro in 2011 was
   Algiers.
   Existing metro systems are also being expanded at a rapid pace. On December 30th Beijing opened
   70km of new lines，bringing the total to 442km
   and making the Chinese capital’s system the world’s longest, overtaking Shanghai’s. (158 words)
2. Think Yourself Well Recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives. They have fewer heart attacks, for example, and fewer colds too.
   Doctors in the ancient world had a saying: “a healthy mind in a healthy body”. Though this proverb is true, a better one might be, “a healthy mind for a healthy body”.
   Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood. What is needed is an experiment
   that points out specific and measurable ways in which such emotions alter an individual’s biology. A study published in Psychological Science, by Fredrickson and Kok at the University of North Carolina, does precisely that.
   Dr. Fredrickson and Dr. Kok concentrated their attentions on a nerve which starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several organs including the heart. Among its jobs is to send signals
   telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm and safety. (156 words)
3. How Will History See Me?
   Next week Barack Obama will take the oath of office as elected president of the United States for the second time—an honour granted only to 16 men
   Before him. When he returns to the Oval Office he will rediscover a string of problems, from domestic struggles over America’s gun control to bloodier conflicts in Mali and Syria. But now more than ever he would be wise to look at the long term. How will history see him?
   Mr. Obama has done a praiseworthy job of putting a critically ill patient on the road to recovery. His main legislative achievement—health-care reform—may yet help millions of Americans, though the verdict on that must await its full implementation. All this, together with an unconvincing opponent, persuaded enough Americans to back him in November. But his first term was nowhere near successful enough to guard him against the possibility of a disastrous second term wiping away all else. (157 words)
4. Universities Are Failing at Teaching Social Media “Overall, the higher education system is filing to prepare students with the needed social skill set in any meaningful way.” says Dr. William Ward of Syracuse University. “Higher education, like business, needs a culture shift.”
   Ward teaches Social Media You Need to Know and Social Media Theory and Practice at Syracuse
   University. His offerings are among only a handful
   of social media courses offered at leading universities today. For Ward, who goes on Twitter and has nearly 10, 000 followers, the imperative for more courses is clear. “Students with social media certification are getting better jobs,” he says. “Those who are proficient in social communications are in high demand and have an advantage.”
   The numbers back him up. While U. S. unemployment hovers around 8%，jobs requiring social
   media skills rose 87% from 2011 to 2012, topping 13, 000 in one month alone earlier this year. But while businesses are hungry to obtain social media, they lack the expertise. (158 words)

2016年真题

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.
The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
【参考译文】
超市旨在吸引顾客尽可能长时间的停留在店中。其原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多；而看到的商品越多，买的就会越多。超市中出售大量的商品。根据食品推广协会的调查，普通的超市大概有 44000 种不同的商品；还有很多超市出售的商品高达上万种。如此多的选择足以使顾客面对超负荷的信息。根据脑部扫描实验，需要快速的做这么多决定就会让我们难以承受。大约在购物 40 分钟之后，大多人就不会再努力做出理性的选择了，取而代之的就是冲动购物——而这时，我们的购物车中已经装了一半根本就没想买的东西了。

2017年真题（主旨词：fashion）

My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities.But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”
【参考译文】
我的梦想一直是在时装设计和出版领域找寻一份工作。在我中学毕业的两年前，我选修了一门“缝纫和设计”课程，并且以为我能再继续学习一个时装设计的课程。然而，就在这个课程的学习过程中，我意识到, 将来在这个领域，我是无法与那些富于创新精神的精英们相比的。于是，我断定这条路行不通。在申请上大学之前，我对所有人都讲，我想学新闻学，因为写作曾经是并且现在也一直是我最喜欢的事情之一。但是说实话，我之所以这样说，是因为我认为从事时装设计不过是我的一个梦想，我也知道，除了我之外，没有人能想象出我会从事时装设计的工作。

2018年真题

A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore”, Gates says.
【参考译文】
一个五年级的学生收到一份家庭作业：即从一系列职业中选择自己未来的职业道路。他勾划了“宇航员”，但很快由将“科学家”添加到列表中，并也将其选中。这个男孩相信，如果他读得足够多，他就可以探索尽可能多的他喜欢的职业道路。所以他读书广泛——从百科全书到科幻小说。他读得如此投入，以至于他的父母不得不制定一个：在餐桌上的“不读书政策”。
那个男孩就是比尔盖茨，他没有停止阅读，甚至在他成为这个星球上最成功的人士之一后，仍旧没有停下来。现在，他的阅读材料已经不再是科幻小说和工具书了：最近据他所说，他一年内至少读了 50 本非科幻小说。比尔盖茨选择非科幻小说类书籍，是因为这类书籍解释了世界是如何运作的。“每本书都开辟了新的知识探索渠道。”盖茨说。

2019年真题（主旨句：It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot）

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done.James Heriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
【参考译文】
我们很容易低估英国作家吉米.哈利。他有着一种令人愉快的、可读的风格，有人认为这种风格任何人都可以模仿得来。很多次我听到人们说：“我能写一本书，我只是没时间。”说起来容易，做起来难。然而与大家通常所想的不同， 正如吉米？哈利所言，他在早年觉得“尝试写作游戏”并非易事。显然，即便他极具写作天赋，哈利呈现给这个世界的作品也是经过多年的练习、重写、阅读并且经过润色之后才得以形成的。与大多数作家一样，一路走来，吉米？哈利不得不经受多次的失望与拒绝，但是这一切更坚定了他获取成功的决心。他生命中所取得的一切，都是依靠自己艰苦的努力所获得的。他在文学领域的成功也不例外。

2020年真题（主旨句：It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.）

It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not real living at all. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.
We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world”, or as proof of just how inadequate we are.Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again.
Failures stop us only if we let them. Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.
For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
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人的一生几乎不可能不经历某种失败。如果真的有这样的人，那么他们很可能生活得非常小心，甚至哪里都不去。简单来说，他们那样根本就不是在真正地生活。但是，失败的妙处就在于，完全由我们来决定如何看待它。
我们可以选择将失败看作是“世界末日”，或者是我们存在不足的证据。或者像以往一样，把它看作令人难以置信的学习经历。每当我们在某件事上失败时，我们会选择寻找应学习的教训。这些教训非常重要；他们教会我们如何成长，如何避免再次犯相同的错误。如果失败阻止我们前进，那么唯一的条件就是我们允许它的发生。
失败还可以教会我们认识自己，那是我们在别处永远无法学习到的。例如，失败可以帮助你发现自己的能力。失败可以帮助你发现最真实的朋友，或者帮助你找到预料之外的成功动力。