《The Accounting Game》读书笔记

为什么需要Accounting?

Accounting, which has been called "The Language of Business", measures the results of organisation economic activities andconveys 'this' information to variety of users including investors, creditors, management and regulator.

来自维基百科词条Accounting

Q:How to measure the results of organisation economic activities?(这个就应该是读书时应该一直问的问题)



Q1:WHAT WE HAVE? WHO OWNS IT?

BALANCE SHEET: WHO OWNS WHAT WE HAVE


Assets = Liabilities + Equality(Always Equals!!!)


Balance Sheet:资产负债表(always balance,SNAPSHOT)

Original Investment: 初始投资

Notes Payable:应付票据

Assets:资产

Liabilities:负债

Equality:权益、所有者权益、股东权益、净值(Equality\Owner's Equality\Stackholders' Equality\Net Worth)



Inventory: 存货(raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods that a business to sell)

Unit Cost:单位成本

Sales:销售收入

Cost of Goods Sold(COGS):商品成本

Profit:销售收入


Expense:费用(the costs of doing business other than those related to producing your product)


Balance Sheet只反映了瞬间状况。反映了某个特定时刻WHAT WE HAVE, WHO OWNS IT,但并没有反映出到达这个时刻所经历的过程,比如我们的Sales, COGS, Expense等等。这都说明了一个重要的问题:利润是如何产生的?




Q:HOW INCOME IS GENERATED?

INCOME STATEMENT: 利润表



Gross Profit = Sales - COGS 

Net Profit = Gross Profit - Expense


Business中成本分为两部分:COGS和Expense,所以销售收入减去两种成本就是我们的净利润




Bottom Line:底线值(净利润又被叫底线值)

Accounting Period:会计期间

General Ledger:总分类账

Beginning Inventory:初期存货

Ending Inventory:末期存货

Purchase:买入存货



Actual Cost of Goods Sold = Beginning Inventory + Purchase - Ending Inventory


Q:CASH FLOW?


Q:那是不是可以理解成Business的三个要素:资产、利润、现金



Chapter 3

Retained Earning:留存收益。过去会计期间的累计盈利。它可以用来做两件事,即把它们留在“生意”里或者把它们分给公司股东。

Notes Payable:应付票据

Account Payable:应付账款


Notes Payable与Account Payable区别:

Notes Payable因收到他人的借款而产生,Account Payable因为购买原材料等物品而产生。

Notes Payable还款周期长,Account Payable期限短。

Notes Payable需要支付利息,Account Payable不需要支付利息,除非你没有按时还款。


Chapter 4

Raw Materials: 原材料

Finished Goods:产成品

Work In Process(WIP):在产品


人工成本属于COGS,因为它和制造产品相关


Account Receivable:应收账款

Bad Debt:坏账(坏账是一种开销,Expense)

Interest Expense:利息费用

Prepaid Expense:待摊费用(买的保险期是3年,价值3美元,它是Asset)

Current Expense:即期费用,Prepaid Expense减去1美元(Asset),在当前周期的Profit中减去1美元



会计处理方法:The Accrual Method(权责发生制)

Account for everything when we EARN it, or when we OWE it, or when we USE it.


根据权责发生制,销售收入并不是在收到现金时才被确认,是在能够获得收益时被确认;

根据权责发生制,我们在采购发生时即可确认,而不论是否支付了采购款;


会计处理方法:The Cash Method(收付实现制)

On The Cash Method, account for things when you receive CASH


是否能使用Cash Method的关键是在于是否有存货(Inventory)。如果对于有存货的使用The Cash Method,那么公司就可以购买存货来避免纳税


Delaying:延期纳税(a tax deferred is a tax reduced)延期纳税就可以使用贬值的货币



Chapter 5

服务业的关键在于如何管理和充分利用时间,对于咨询业的从业者,为了的存货就是他自己的时间

服务业将成本分为两类:服务成本、费用


销售佣金的处理



Chapter 6

不同的价格购入同一存货


FIFO,LIFO

FIFO下存货的价值较低,期末存货价值较高,净利润较高;LIFO下存货的价值较高,期末存货价值较低,净利润较低。

区别:

FIFO账面更好看,因为有更高的利润;LIFO更利于节税(公司采用LIFO的唯一目的在于节税


公司采用FIFO还是LIFO对于企业来说非常重要!!!公司的纳税筹划策略是什么?公司所处行业的产品价格走势如何?


Chapter 7

Cash Statement + Income Statement + Balance Statement


A Fixed Asset:固定资产(things not normally intended for sale, which are used over and over again in course of doing business)

Capitalizing the asset:资产的资本化(capitalized)

Fixed Asset Investment:固定资产投资

Expense it:费用化

red:赤字


资本化:购买一项资产并将其添加至负债表的行为被称做资产的资本化。而费用化则不会。


资本化(capitalize)还是费用化(expense)?

1.时间;2.成本


Depreciation Expense:折旧费用

Depreciation Expense is a non-cash expense

Advantage: reduces earnings and taxes without reducing cash



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