为什么需要Accounting?
Accounting, which has been called "The Language of Business", measures the results of organisation economic activities andconveys 'this' information to variety of users including investors, creditors, management and regulator.
来自维基百科词条Accounting
Q:How to measure the results of organisation economic activities?(这个就应该是读书时应该一直问的问题)
Q1:WHAT WE HAVE? WHO OWNS IT?
BALANCE SHEET: WHO OWNS WHAT WE HAVE
Assets = Liabilities + Equality(Always Equals!!!)
Balance Sheet:资产负债表(always balance,SNAPSHOT)
Original Investment: 初始投资
Notes Payable:应付票据
Assets:资产
Liabilities:负债
Equality:权益、所有者权益、股东权益、净值(Equality\Owner's Equality\Stackholders' Equality\Net Worth)
Inventory: 存货(raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods that a business to sell)
Unit Cost:单位成本
Sales:销售收入
Cost of Goods Sold(COGS):商品成本
Profit:销售收入
Expense:费用(the costs of doing business other than those related to producing your product)
Balance Sheet只反映了瞬间状况。反映了某个特定时刻WHAT WE HAVE, WHO OWNS IT,但并没有反映出到达这个时刻所经历的过程,比如我们的Sales, COGS, Expense等等。这都说明了一个重要的问题:利润是如何产生的?
Q:HOW INCOME IS GENERATED?
INCOME STATEMENT: 利润表
Gross Profit = Sales - COGS
Net Profit = Gross Profit - Expense
Business中成本分为两部分:COGS和Expense,所以销售收入减去两种成本就是我们的净利润
Bottom Line:底线值(净利润又被叫底线值)
Accounting Period:会计期间
General Ledger:总分类账
Beginning Inventory:初期存货
Ending Inventory:末期存货
Purchase:买入存货
Actual Cost of Goods Sold = Beginning Inventory + Purchase - Ending Inventory
Q:CASH FLOW?
Q:那是不是可以理解成Business的三个要素:资产、利润、现金
Chapter 3
Retained Earning:留存收益。过去会计期间的累计盈利。它可以用来做两件事,即把它们留在“生意”里或者把它们分给公司股东。
Notes Payable:应付票据
Account Payable:应付账款
Notes Payable与Account Payable区别:
Notes Payable因收到他人的借款而产生,Account Payable因为购买原材料等物品而产生。
Notes Payable还款周期长,Account Payable期限短。
Notes Payable需要支付利息,Account Payable不需要支付利息,除非你没有按时还款。
Chapter 4
Raw Materials: 原材料
Finished Goods:产成品
Work In Process(WIP):在产品
人工成本属于COGS,因为它和制造产品相关
Account Receivable:应收账款
Bad Debt:坏账(坏账是一种开销,Expense)
Interest Expense:利息费用
Prepaid Expense:待摊费用(买的保险期是3年,价值3美元,它是Asset)
Current Expense:即期费用,Prepaid Expense减去1美元(Asset),在当前周期的Profit中减去1美元
会计处理方法:The Accrual Method(权责发生制)
Account for everything when we EARN it, or when we OWE it, or when we USE it.
根据权责发生制,销售收入并不是在收到现金时才被确认,是在能够获得收益时被确认;
根据权责发生制,我们在采购发生时即可确认,而不论是否支付了采购款;
会计处理方法:The Cash Method(收付实现制)
On The Cash Method, account for things when you receive CASH
是否能使用Cash Method的关键是在于是否有存货(Inventory)。如果对于有存货的使用The Cash Method,那么公司就可以购买存货来避免纳税
Delaying:延期纳税(a tax deferred is a tax reduced)延期纳税就可以使用贬值的货币
Chapter 5
服务业的关键在于如何管理和充分利用时间,对于咨询业的从业者,为了的存货就是他自己的时间
服务业将成本分为两类:服务成本、费用
销售佣金的处理
Chapter 6
不同的价格购入同一存货
FIFO,LIFO
FIFO下存货的价值较低,期末存货价值较高,净利润较高;LIFO下存货的价值较高,期末存货价值较低,净利润较低。
区别:
FIFO账面更好看,因为有更高的利润;LIFO更利于节税(公司采用LIFO的唯一目的在于节税)
公司采用FIFO还是LIFO对于企业来说非常重要!!!公司的纳税筹划策略是什么?公司所处行业的产品价格走势如何?
Chapter 7
Cash Statement + Income Statement + Balance Statement
A Fixed Asset:固定资产(things not normally intended for sale, which are used over and over again in course of doing business)
Capitalizing the asset:资产的资本化(capitalized)
Fixed Asset Investment:固定资产投资
Expense it:费用化
red:赤字
资本化:购买一项资产并将其添加至负债表的行为被称做资产的资本化。而费用化则不会。
资本化(capitalize)还是费用化(expense)?
1.时间;2.成本
Depreciation Expense:折旧费用
Depreciation Expense is a non-cash expense
Advantage: reduces earnings and taxes without reducing cash