2023年高考真题练习

在直角坐标系 x O y xOy xOy中,点 P P P x x x轴的距离等于点 P P P到点 ( 0 , 1 2 ) (0,\dfrac 12) (0,21)的距离,记动点 P P P的运动轨迹为 W W W
(1)求 W W W的方程
(2)已知矩形 A B C D ABCD ABCD有三个顶点在 W W W上,证明:矩形的周长大于 3 3 3\sqrt 3 33

解:
\quad (1)依题意, x 2 + ( y − 1 2 ) 2 = y 2 x^2+(y-\dfrac 12)^2=y^2 x2+(y21)2=y2

\qquad 整理得 y = x 2 + 1 4 y=x^2+\dfrac 14 y=x2+41

\quad (2)不妨设矩形在 W W W上的三个点为 A , B , C A,B,C A,B,C,且 A , B A,B A,B x x x轴同侧, A B ⊥ A C AB\bot AC ABAC

y = x 2 + 1 4 \qquad y=x^2+\dfrac 14 y=x2+41的对称轴为 x x x

\qquad 不妨设 A , B A,B A,B都在 x x x轴右边,若在左边,则将 W W W关于 x x x轴对称使 A , B A,B A,B翻转到 x x x轴右边

\qquad A ( p , p 2 + 1 4 ) A(p,p^2+\dfrac 14) A(p,p2+41) B ( q , q 2 + 1 4 ) B(q,q^2+\dfrac14) B(q,q2+41) C ( t , t 2 + 1 4 ) C(t,t^2+\dfrac14) C(t,t2+41)

\qquad A B : y = ( p + q ) x − p q + 1 4 AB:y=(p+q)x-pq+\dfrac 14 AB:y=(p+q)xpq+41

∵ A C ⊥ A B \qquad \because AC\bot AB ACAB

∴ A C : y = − 1 p + q x + p p + q + p 2 + 1 4 \qquad \therefore AC:y=-\dfrac{1}{p+q}x+\dfrac{p}{p+q}+p^2+\dfrac 14 AC:y=p+q1x+p+qp+p2+41

t 2 + 1 4 = − 1 p + q t + p p + q + p 2 + 1 4 \qquad t^2+\dfrac 14=-\dfrac{1}{p+q}t+\dfrac{p}{p+q}+p^2+\dfrac 14 t2+41=p+q1t+p+qp+p2+41,解得 t = p t=p t=p(舍)或 t = − p − 1 p + q t=-p-\dfrac{1}{p+q} t=pp+q1

∴ C ( − p − 1 p + q , ( p + 1 p + q ) 2 + 1 4 ) \qquad \therefore C(-p-\dfrac{1}{p+q},(p+\dfrac{1}{p+q})^2+\dfrac 14) C(pp+q1,(p+p+q1)2+41)

A B = ( p − q ) 2 + ( p 2 − q 2 ) 2 = ∣ p 2 − q 2 ∣ 1 + 1 ( p + q ) 2 \qquad AB=\sqrt{(p-q)^2+(p^2-q^2)^2}=|p^2-q^2|\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{(p+q)^2}} AB=(pq)2+(p2q2)2 =p2q21+(p+q)21

A C = ( 2 p + 1 p + q ) 2 + [ 2 p p + q + 1 ( p + q ) 2 ] 2 = ( 2 p + 1 p + q ) 1 + 1 ( p + q ) 2 \qquad AC=\sqrt{(2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q})^2+[\dfrac{2p}{p+q}+\dfrac{1}{(p+q)^2}]^2}=(2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q})\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{(p+q)^2}} AC=(2p+p+q1)2+[p+q2p+(p+q)21]2 =(2p+p+q1)1+(p+q)21

\qquad W = A B + A C = ( ∣ p 2 − q 2 ∣ + 2 p + 1 p + q ) 1 + 1 ( p + q ) 2 W=AB+AC=(|p^2-q^2|+2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q})\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{(p+q)^2}} W=AB+AC=(p2q2+2p+p+q1)1+(p+q)21

\qquad 证周长大于 3 3 3\sqrt 3 33 ,即证 W > 3 3 2 W>\dfrac{3\sqrt 3}{2} W>233

\qquad k = p + q k=p+q k=p+q,则 W = ( k ∣ p − q ∣ + 2 p + 1 k ) 1 + 1 k 2 W=(k|p-q|+2p+\dfrac 1k)\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{k^2}} W=(kpq+2p+k1)1+k21

∵ A , B \qquad\because A,B A,B都在 x x x轴右边

∴ k > 0 \qquad\therefore k>0 k>0

\qquad 0 < k ≤ 1 00<k1

∵ k ∣ p − q ∣ + 2 p ≥ k ( q − p ) + 2 p = k ( p + q ) + ( 2 − 2 k ) p ≥ k 2 \qquad\because k|p-q|+2p\geq k(q-p)+2p=k(p+q)+(2-2k)p\geq k^2 kpq+2pk(qp)+2p=k(p+q)+(22k)pk2

∴ W ≥ ( k 2 + 1 k ) 1 + 1 k 2 \qquad\therefore W\geq(k^2+\dfrac 1k)\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{k^2}} W(k2+k1)1+k21

W 2 ≥ k 4 + k 2 + 2 k + 2 k + 1 k 2 + 1 k 4 ≥ 2 k 4 ⋅ 1 k 4 + 2 k 2 ⋅ 1 k 2 + 2 × 2 k ⋅ 1 k = 8 \qquad W^2\geq k^4+k^2+2k+\dfrac 2k+\dfrac{1}{k^2}+\dfrac{1}{k^4}\geq 2\sqrt{k^4\cdot\dfrac{1}{k^4}}+2\sqrt{k^2\cdot\dfrac{1}{k^2}}+2\times 2\sqrt{k\cdot\dfrac 1k}=8 W2k4+k2+2k+k2+k21+k412k4k41 +2k2k21 +2×2kk1 =8

W 2 ≥ 8 > 27 4 \qquad W^2\geq 8>\dfrac{27}{4} W28>427,即 W > 3 3 2 W>\dfrac{3\sqrt 3}{2} W>233

\qquad k > 1 k>1 k>1

∵ k ∣ p − q ∣ + 2 p + 1 p + q > ∣ p − q ∣ + 2 p + 1 p + q ≥ ( q − p ) + 2 p + 1 p + q = k + 1 k \qquad\because k|p-q|+2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q}>|p-q|+2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q}\geq(q-p)+2p+\dfrac{1}{p+q}=k+\dfrac 1k kpq+2p+p+q1>pq+2p+p+q1(qp)+2p+p+q1=k+k1

∴ W > ( k + 1 k ) 1 + 1 k 2 \qquad\therefore W>(k+\dfrac 1k)\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{k^2}} W>(k+k1)1+k21 W 2 > k 2 ( 1 + 1 k 2 ) 3 W^2>k^2(1+\dfrac{1}{k^2})^3 W2>k2(1+k21)3

\qquad 证明 k 2 ( 1 + 1 k 2 ) 3 ≥ 27 4 k^2(1+\dfrac{1}{k^2})^3\geq\dfrac{27}{4} k2(1+k21)3427,即证 ( 1 + 1 k 2 ) 3 ≥ 27 4 k 2 (1+\dfrac{1}{k^2})^3\geq\dfrac{27}{4k^2} (1+k21)34k227

\qquad 1 + k − 2 ≥ 3 ⋅ ( 4 k 2 ) − 1 3 1+k^{-2}\geq3\cdot(4k^2)^{-\frac 13} 1+k23(4k2)31 1 + k − 2 − 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ k − 2 3 ≥ 0 1+k^{-2}-3\cdot 4^{-\frac 13}\cdot k^{-\frac 23}\geq 0 1+k23431k320

\qquad g ( x ) = 1 + x − 2 − 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ x − 2 3 g(x)=1+x^{-2}-3\cdot 4^{-\frac 13}\cdot x^{-\frac 23} g(x)=1+x23431x32

\qquad g ′ ( x ) = − 2 x − 3 + 4 1 6 x − 5 3 g'(x)=-2x^{-3}+4^{\frac 16}x^{-\frac 53} g(x)=2x3+461x35

x = 2 \qquad x=2 x=2 g ′ ( x ) = 0 g'(x)=0 g(x)=0

∴ g ( x ) \qquad\therefore g(x) g(x) [ 2 , + ∞ ) [\sqrt 2,+\infty) [2 ,+)上单调递增,在 ( − ∞ , 2 ) (-\infty,\sqrt 2) (,2 )上单调递减

∵ g ( 2 ) = 1 + 1 2 − 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 6 = 0 \qquad\because g(\sqrt 2)=1+\dfrac 12-3\cdot4^{-\frac 13}\cdot 4^{-\frac 16}=0 g(2 )=1+213431461=0

g ( x ) ≥ g ( 2 ) = 0 \qquad g(x)\geq g(\sqrt 2)=0 g(x)g(2 )=0 x ∈ ( 1 , + ∞ ) x\in(1,+\infty) x(1,+)

∴ k 2 ( 1 + 1 k 2 ) 3 ≥ 27 4 \qquad\therefore k^2(1+\dfrac{1}{k^2})^3\geq\dfrac{27}{4} k2(1+k21)3427

∵ W 2 > k 2 ( 1 + 1 k 2 ) 3 ≥ 27 4 \qquad\because W^2>k^2(1+\dfrac{1}{k^2})^3\geq\dfrac{27}{4} W2>k2(1+k21)3427

∴ W > 3 3 2 \qquad\therefore W>\dfrac{3\sqrt 3}{2} W>233

\qquad 综上所述, W > 3 3 2 W>\dfrac{3\sqrt 3}{2} W>233

\qquad 得证矩形的周长大于 3 3 3\sqrt 3 33

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