第四章 不定式

a. 作主语 it + to do

i. 不定式放在句首作主语 通常是两个不定式作对比才这样使用

1. To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic

ii. 不定式放在句末作主语

1. It’s + 形容词 + to do
   a. Bush’s remarks: Education is the best anti-crime program. It’s important to enforce law. It’s important to hold people accountable for their actions. It is important to have consistent policy that says, if you harm somebody, there will be a punishment for that harm. But in the best interests for my country, the long-term solution is to make sure the education system works for everybody. And when that happens, there will be a more helpful future for people, and there will be less poverty, less hopelessness, and less crime.
2. 其他结构
   a. It takes time and effort to master English
   b. It is my duty to help you with your English
3. 思维差异
   a. It is against the regulation for you to park your car here。
   b. It is impossible for us to maser English in a short time.

b. 不定式的作用：作宾语（动词+to do）

i. 动词+to do 常接不定式的：afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, consent , dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, want, wish.

1. He promised not to tell anyone about it

ii. 动词+疑问词+ to do 可接连词代词 what, who, which 或链接副词 how, when, where 及连词 whether 常用动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder

1. Every aspect of our life is determined by our habits, including relationships with those we love. This book teaches you how to acquire new habits that can help improve your relationships automatically!

iii. 动词+it+宾语补足语 + to do

1. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

c. 作宾语补足语（动词+宾语+to do） 动词 ： advice, allow, ask, beg, believe, cause, command, challenge, compel, declare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, have, help, instruct, intend, invite, judge, leave, let, like, mean, make, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish, urge

i. There is still availability of the hottest toys this Christmas, but we still advise parents and shoppers to get to stores as early as possible next week.

d. 不定式的作用：作定语

i. 宾语关系

1. 作不定式中的动词的宾语
   a. I give the kid comic to read.
2. 作不定式中的介词的宾语
   a. According to the Chinese tradition of the Water Splashing Festival, the more water you pour over someone the more luck you give them, so we gave each other a good few hours of hair soaking and eye-reddening luck to remember each other by

ii. 主语关系

1. He was the second person to be killed in this way.

iii. 同位语关系

1. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willing to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.

iv. 状语关系

1. 方式状语关系
   a. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
2. 时间状语关系
   a. The time to go is July= The time at which you should go is July
3. 地点状语关系
   a. A good place to eat is the Sichuan restaurant around the corner.
   v. 补语关系
4. The thing for you to be these days is a gold-collar

e. 不定式的作用：形容词+to do

i. 宾语关系（一）： He is interesting to listen to

1. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
2. 句型特点：
   a. 句子的表层结构和深层结构不统一
   b. 句型可变换，还原 To fool him is easy= It is easy to fool him = He is easy to fool
   c. 形容词的特点 该句型强调“事情”、活动的性质特征 常用形容词有： agreeable(适宜的), awful, comfortable, convenient, dangerous, delightful, difficult, disagreeable, dreadful, easy, hard, horrible, impossible, lovely, marvelous, safe, unsafe, splendid, strange, terrible, wonderful, alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bewilder, bore, depress, disappoint, disgust, embarrass, encourage, excite, frighten, horrify, interest, surprise, terrify, upset
   d. 动词特点 第一.及物动词不带宾语 第二，若是不及物动词，则须添加适当的介词
3. 使用该句型要注意以下三点：
   a. 不定式动词一般不用被动语态（最容易出错）
   b. 不定式后不能再加宾语
   c. 有时需要在不定式中添加适当的介词 针对不及物动词

ii. 宾语关系（二）：The book is interesting to buy.

1. 结构上的不同：不能进行句式变换
2. 形容词的特点不同 只表示事物的性质特点，而不是事件的性质特点。
3. 不定式是否可以省去 宾语关系（1）中的不定式不能省，但是这里的是可以省的
4. 有灰色地带 The bed is comfortable to sleep in

iii. 主语关系（一）： He is kind to help us

iv. 主语关系（二）：He is glad to help us.

1. 比较一：与宾语关系（一）比较
   a. He is easy to please/ He is eager to please
2. 比较二：与主语关系（二）He is kind to help us/ He is glad to help us

v. 主语关系（三）：He is slow to react. 不是像主语关系（一）中那样评价（人）的行为，也不像主语关系（二）中的那样表示“人”的情感,只是在逻辑上说明不定式的动作的特点，相当于方式状语从句

1. He is slow to react. He reacts slowly.

f. 不定式的作用:作状语

i. 目的状语

1. For and adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clear and free from moisture or grease

ii. 结果状语

1. Only to do
   a. All too often, women complain that they’re equated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors.
2. So … as to do/ such as to do
   a. She had such a good friend as to help her when she was in trouble
3. …enough to do
4. Too … to do
   a. 肯定形式,否定意思
   b. 肯定形式，肯定意思（1） 当接ready, anxious, eager, willing
   i. You are too ready to find faults with other people
   c. 肯定形式，肯定意思（2） 当too前面有only, all, but, really 修饰时，表肯定
   i. He would be only too glad to be her boyfriend, but he knew he couldn’t match her in family status.
   d. 否定句
   i. No too… to do 不很。。。所以能够
   ii. Too ….. not to do 很。。。。所以不会不
5. 条件状语 will, would, shall, should, must, can, could
   a. The father will be proud for his son to win the gold medal.
6. 原因状语
   a. They laughed to see the clown.

g. 不定式的作用（7）：独立使用的不定式

i. To begin with, to tell the truth, to make a long story short, so to speak, to be brief/exact/frank/honest, to say nothing of, to say the least

ii. 不定式引导的独立的句子 to think, to imagine 你想想。。。。竟然有这种事

h. 不定式的逻辑主语

i. 何谓逻辑主语 He was anxious to meet you he 是不定式的逻辑主语 He was anxious for his sister to meet you his sister 是不定式的逻辑主语

ii. 逻辑主语的构成（1） for+名词或代词+to do

iii. 逻辑主语的构成（2） of sb +to do 要结合 brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, generous, kind, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful.

1. It’s wise of you not to argue with your boss.

i. 不定式的时态和语态（一）：被动式(to be done)

四种体态 主动 被动
一般 To write To be written
完成 To have written To have been written
进行 To be writing 一般不用
完成进行 To have been writing 一般不用

i. 被动不定式

1. 作主语的被动不定式
   a. It’s necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
2. 作宾语的被动不定式
   a. It is known that electrical and chemical energy began to be studied systematically in the last century.
3. 作宾语补足语的被动不定式
   a. He wanted the letter to be delivered at once.
4. 作表语的被动不定式
   a. This form is to be filled out in ink
5. 作状语的被动不定式
   a. She was too old to be assigned such work.

ii. 双重被动式

1. The construction is reported to have been completed.

j. 不定式的时态和语态（2）：完成式

i. 表示发生在谓语动作之前

1. 态度情感类谓语
   a. Nelson, married to her husband for nearly 12 years, knows the meaning of happiness. “God gave me the best husband ever,” she said. “ I am incredibly blessed to have met him”
2. 观点类谓语 常见动词有 say, believe, think 一般用于被动语态，然后接完成不定式
   a. Humans are believed to have evolved from the primate species.
3. 推断类谓语
   a. I seem to have lost some weight. Look how baggy my pants are.

ii. 表示非真实的过去

1. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
2. I was to have visited you yesterday evening.

k. 不定式的时态和语态：进行式

i. The economy was in a slump, but now it seems to bouncing back.

ii. He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by

l. 不定式的时态和语态：完成进行式

i. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.

m. 省去to的不定式

i. 在某些动词的复合宾语中

1. 感觉动词：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe
2. 使役动词： let, make, have

ii. 在特定的句型结构中

1. Had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but
   a. It all started to innocently that warm June night, when I first met you, you looked so beautiful and lovely I couldn’t help but fall in love with you, even though we both agreed our worlds were far apart, and could never be done.
2. More than, rather than, other than, than 后面加不带to的不定式
3. Do nothing/anything/everything/ but do
4. Why (not) +do 句子中
5. 并列结构中，to 常被省去 在and, or, but 等词连接时，常省去to
6. 在一些固定搭配中: make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let go of, hear say, leave go of