精读topic3----DAY8
1 manure
solidwastefromanimals,especiallyhorses, that isspreadon thelandinorderto makeplantsgrowwell
粪肥（尤指马粪）
2biogas
agascontainingmethanethat can beburnedas afuel,producedbydeadplantsandanimalsas theydecay
沼气
3decarbonising
vt.
除炭;除去碳素;
[例句]Special solvents can be used todecarbonizeand desulfurize waste catalysts to
replace the high-temperature roasting pretreatmentprocess.
可以采用特殊的溶剂对废催化剂进行脱碳和脱硫预处理，以代替高温焙烧预处理
4 anathema
something that isstronglydislikedordisapprovedof
令人讨厌的事物
Creditcontrolsareanathematothegovernment.信贷控制令政府极为反感。
Forolderemployees,the newsystemisan anathema.对于年纪较大的职员来说，新制度就是眼中钉，肉中刺。
5 incumbent
[before noun]officiallyhaving thenamedposition
现任的；在职的
The incumbentpresidentfacesproblemswhichbeganmanyyearsbefore he tookoffice.现任总统面临着他上任前很多年就已开始出现的种种问题。
be incumbent on/upon sbformal
to benecessaryfor someone
（某人）义不容辞；（某人）必须履行
Shefeltit incumbent upon/on hertoraisethesubjectattheirmeeting.她感到她有义务在他们的会上提出这个问题。
thepersonwho has or had aparticularofficialposition
现任者，在职者
the first/last/previousincumbent第一任／上一任／前任
Thepresentincumbent(ofthepost)isduetoretirenextmonth.（此职位的）现任者将于下个月退休
6perennial
lastinga verylongtime, orhappeningrepeatedlyor all thetime
长期存在的；常年的；不断发生的；反复的
Thefilm"WhiteChristmas"is a perennialfavourite.《白色圣诞》是一部经久不衰、深受欢迎的影片。
Wefacetheperennialproblemofnot having enoughmoney.我们长期面临资金不足的问题。
aplantthatlivesfor severalyears
多年生植物
Roses andgeraniumsareperennials,floweringyearafteryear.玫瑰和天竺葵是多年生植物，年复一年地开花。
7rebate
anamountofmoneythat isreturnedto you,especiallyby thegovernment, forexamplewhen you havepaidtoo muchtax
（尤指政府返还的）部分退款
ataxrebate退还部分税款
8glut
asupplyof something that is muchgreaterthan can besoldor isneededorwanted
供过于求；供应过剩
Thefallindemandforcoffeecouldcausea gluton/in themarket.咖啡需求减少会导致市场供应过剩。
Thecurrentglutofgraduatesmeansthat many of them will not beabletofindjobs.现在大学毕业生人数过多，这就意味着他们当中许多人无法找到工作。
9shale-gas
naturalgasthat isfoundinshale(= atypeofsoft,greyrock):
Theyarguedthattheextractionofshalegasbyfrackingwouldcausehugeenvironmentaldamage.
10starkly
veryobviouslyandclearly
显而易见地，十分明显地
Herlatersensualworkscontraststarklywith theharshearlierpaintings.她后期表现情色的作品和她早期那些风格冷峻的绘画作品形成了鲜明的对比。
11havoc
confusionandlackoforder,especiallycausingdamageortrouble
破坏，毁坏；混乱
Thestormwreaked(=caused) havocin thegarden,uprootingtreesandblowingafencedown.风暴毁坏了花园，树被连根拔起，一排围栏也被刮倒了。
Thedelayplayed(=caused) havocwiththeirtravelarrangements.误点打乱了他们的旅行安排。
12deployment
the use of something
or someone in aneffectiveway
有效运用；发挥…的作用
the deploymentoftechnologiestoaddressthischallenge运用高科技来应对这一挑战。
themovementofsoldiersorequipmentto aplacewhere they can be used when they areneeded
部署；调动
The Chief of Policeorderedthedeploymentof300troopstotrytostoptherioting.警察局长下令调集2000名警察来镇压暴乱。
13marginal
verysmallinamountoreffect
微小的；少量的
Thereportsuggeststhatthere has only been a marginalimprovementinwomen'spayoverthe past fewyears.报告显示，过去几年女性的工资只有小幅增长。
of marginal interest
ofinterestto only a fewpeople
只有少数人感兴趣的
articlesaboutsubjectsofmarginalinterest话题只有寥寥数人感兴趣的节目
A marginalpoliticalareaorpositioninparliamentcan bewonby only asmallnumberofvotesbecausesupportfor themainpartiesisequallydividedamong thepeoplevoting.
（选举中仅以微弱多数取胜的）边缘选区（或席位）
The marginalToryconstituencywasheldby2,200votes.保守党的这个边缘选区是1992年以2200票获得的。
a marginalpoliticalareaorpositioninparliament
边缘化
Labourlosttwoof thekeymarginalsin London.工党失去了伦敦两个关键性的边缘选区。
The minister's ownseatisaTorymarginal.这位大臣的席位是保守党的边缘席位。
14disruptive
causingtroubleandthereforestoppingsomething fromcontinuingasusual
捣乱的，引起混乱的
Histeacherdescribedhimas anoisy,disruptiveinfluenceinclass.他的老师说他在班里是一个喜欢吵吵嚷嚷的捣乱分子。
15 punch
aforcefulhitwith afist(=closedhand)
一拳，一击
Shegavehima punchonthenose.她朝他的鼻子打了一拳。
thepowerto beinterestingand have astrongeffectonpeople
感染力，活力
Ifelttheperformance/speech/presentationlackedpunch.我觉得那个表演／演讲／演出缺乏感染力。
apieceofequipmentthatcutsholesin amaterialbypushingapieceofmetalthrough it
打孔器
aticketpunch剪票钳
Have youseentheholepunchanywhere?你看到打孔器在哪里了吗？
tohitsomeone or something withyourfist(=closedhand)
用拳猛击
He punched himinthestomach.他朝他的肚子上猛击了一拳。
mainly ustohitwithyourfingersthebuttonson aphoneor thekeyson akeyboard
按，敲击（按钮或键）
to make aholein something with aspecialpieceofequipment
（用特制工具）在…上打孔，打（孔）
I was just punchingholesinsomesheetsofpaper.我刚才在给几张纸打孔。
This belt's toobig-I'll have to punch anextraholeinit.这条皮带太长了——我得在上面再打一个洞。
16wholesaleprice
of or for thesellingofgoodsinlargeamountsatlowpricestoshopsandbusinesses,ratherthan thesellingofgoodsinshopstocustomers
批发的（地）；成批卖的（地）
wholesaleprices批发价
a wholesalesupplier/business批发供应商／业务
We onlysellwholesale,not to thepublic.我们只批发，不零售。
often disapproving(especiallyof somethingbador tooextreme)completeoraffectinga lot of things,people,places, etc.
（尤指坏事或过于极端的事）完全的（地），大规模的（地）
wholesalechanges全面变革
wholesaledestruction彻底毁灭
thepriceat whichgoodsaresoldtoshopsby thepeoplewhoproducethem,ratherthan thepricewhich thecustomerusuallypaysin theshop
批发价
Iboughtmycoatdirectfromthefactoryatwholesale.我的大衣是按批发价直接从厂家购买的。
17at first blush
猛一看，乍看;
[例句]Atfirstblush, this soundsominous.
乍听上去，这像是个不祥之兆。
18intermittent
nothappeningregularly or continuously;stoppingandstartingrepeatedlyor withperiodsin between
间歇的，断断续续的
intermittentrain间歇雨
an intermittentnoise时断时续的噪音
Although she madeintermittentmovieappearances,she wasessentiallyastageactress.她虽然断断续续地在电影中露面，但基本上还是一个舞台演员。
19 hydroelectric
producingelectricityby theforceoffastmovingwatersuch asriversorwaterfalls
水力发电的，水电的
a hydroelectricpowerstation水电站
20doldrum
in the doldrums
informalunsuccessfulorshowingnoactivityordevelopment
不顺利的；停滞的，没有进展的
Hercareerwas in the doldrums during thoseyears.那些年她的工作一直没有什么进展。
uk informalsadand with noenergyorenthusiasm
心灰意冷的；无精打采的
old-fashionedanareaofseawhereshipsareunabletomovebecause there is nowind
赤道无风带
21constraint
something thatcontrolswhat you do bykeepingyou withinparticularlimits
限制；束缚；约束
The constraintsofpoliteness wouldn'tallowherto say what she reallythoughtabouthiscooking.出于礼貌，她不会说出自己对他的厨艺的真实看法。
Financialconstraintsonthecompanyarepreventingthemfromemployingnewstaff.公司财务紧张使得他们不能再雇新员工。
[ U ]formalunnaturalbehaviourthat is sometimes theresultofforcingyourself toactin aparticularway
拘束；局促
Shetriedtoappearfriendly,but her constraint wasobvious.她尽力显得友好，可是显然很拘束。
under constraintformal
If you do something
under constraint, you do it only because you have beenforcedto.
被强迫地；迫于压力；在强制下
Theyconfessed,but only undersevereconstraint.他们迫于巨大的压力才说出了真相。