We Are All Confident Idiots

教育心理学的文章，你所写的，极力推崇的，都有可能是误导人的，所做的，都可能是错的。人们通常只接受符合他们信仰和口味的观点。比如说，臭氧层的存在是为了保护地球不受高能射线的辐射。purpose-driven符合human species 的观点。

最后的建议是：

For individuals, the trick is to be your own devil’s advocate: to think through how your favored conclusions might be misguided; to ask yourself how you might be wrong, or how things might turn out differently from what you expect. It helps to try practicing what the psychologist Charles Lord calls “considering the opposite.” To do this, I often imagine myself in a future in which I have turned out to be wrong in a decision, and then consider what the likeliest path was that led to my failure. And lastly: Seek advice. Other people may have their own misbeliefs, but a discussion can often be sufficient to rid a serious person of his or her most egregious misconceptions.

http://www.psmag.com/navigation/health-and-behavior/confident-idiots-92793/